The heterogeneous effects of adoption of climate-smart agriculture on household welfare in Pakistan

References

• Abdulai, A. 2018. “Simon Brand Memorial Address: The Challenges and Adaptation to Climate Change by Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Agrekon 57 (1): 28–39. doi:10.1080/03031853.2018.1440246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulai, A., and W. Huffman. 2014. “The Adoption and Impact of Soil and Water Conservation Technology: An Endogenous Switching Regression Application.” Land Economics 90 (1): 26–43. doi:10.3368/le.90.1.26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abid, M., U. A. Schneider, and J. Scheffran. 2016. “Adaptation to Climate Change and Its Impacts on Food Productivity and Crop Income: Perspectives of Farmers in Rural Pakistan.” Journal of Rural Studies 47 (Part A): 254–266. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, A., and O. Erenstein. 2017. “Assessing Farmer Use of Climate Change Adaptation Practices and Impacts on Food Security and Poverty in Pakistan.” Climate Risk Management 16: 183–194. doi:10.1016/j.crm.2016.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryal, J. P., D. B. Rahut, S. Maharjan, and O. Erenstein. 2018. “Factors Affecting the Adoption of Multiple Climate‐smart Agricultural Practices in the Indo‐Gangetic Plains of India.” Natural Resources Forum 42 (3): 141–158. doi:10.1111/1477-8947.12152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badibanga, T., and J. Ulimwengu. 2020. “Optimal Investment for Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in the Democratic Republic of Congo a Two-sector Economic Growth Model.” Applied Economics 52 (2): 135–155. doi:10.1080/00036846.2019.1630709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbier, E. B., and J. P. Hochard. 2018. “The Impacts of Climate Change on the Poor in Disadvantaged Regions.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 12 (1): 26–47. doi:10.1093/reep/rex023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocchiola, D., L. Brunetti, A. Soncini, F. Polinelli, and M. Gianinetto. 2019. “Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Productivity and Food Security in the Himalayas: A Case Study in Nepal.” Agricultural Systems 171: 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.01.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro, P., J. J. Heckman, and E. J. Vytlacil. 2011. “Estimating Marginal Returns to Education.” American Economic Review 101 (6): 2754–2781. doi:10.1257/aer.101.6.2754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro, P., M. Lokshin, and N. Umapathi. 2017. “Average and Marginal Returns to Upper Secondary Schooling in Indonesia.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 32 (1): 16–36. doi:10.1002/jae.2523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates, J., B. L. Rogers, P. Webb, D. Maxwell, R. Houser, and C. McDonald. 2007. Diet Diversity Study (Final Report to the World Food Programme). Medford, MA: Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University.
   Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, T., C. Dustmann, A. Raute, and U. Schönberg. 2016. “From LATE to MTE: Alternative Methods for the Evaluation of Policy Interventions.” Labour Economics 41: 47–60. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, T., C. Dustmann, A. Raute, and U. Schönberg. 2018. “Who Benefits from Universal Child Care? Estimating Marginal Returns to Early Child Care Attendance.” Journal of Political Economy 126 (6): 2356–2409. doi:10.1086/699979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dakpo, K. H., Y. Desjeux, P. Jeanneaux, and L. Latruffe. 2019. “Productivity, Technical Efficiency and Technological Change in French Agriculture during 2002-2015: A Färe-Primont Index Decomposition Using Group Frontiers and Meta-frontier.” Applied Economics 51 (11): 1166–1182. doi:10.1080/00036846.2018.1524982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deressa, T. T., R. M. Hassan, and C. Ringler. 2011. “Perception of and Adaptation to Climate Change by Farmers in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia.” The Journal of Agricultural Science 149 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1017/S0021859610000687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Falco, S., and M. Veronesi. 2013. “How Can African Agriculture Adapt to Climate Change? A Counterfactual Analysis from Ethiopia.” Land Economics 89 (4): 743–766. doi:10.3368/le.89.4.743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Falco, S., M. Veronesi, and M. Yesuf. 2011. “Does Adaptation to Climate Change Provide Food Security? A Micro-perspective from Ethiopia.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 93 (3): 829–846. doi:10.1093/ajae/aar006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earls, M. 2019. “Climate Shocks Could Reverse Gains in Child Malnutrition.” Scientific American E&E news Accessed 16 March 2020 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-shocks-could-reverse-gains-in-child-malnutrition/
   Google Scholar
• Economic Survey of Pakistan. 2014. Economic Advisor’s Wing. Islamabad, Pakistan: Ministry of Finance.
   Google Scholar
• Economic Survey of Pakistan. 2019. Economic Advisor’s Wing. Islamabad, Pakistan: Ministry of Finance.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2016. The State of Food and Agriculture: Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO).
   Google Scholar
• Foster, J., J. Greer, and E. Thorbecke. 1984. “A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 52: 761–766. doi:10.2307/1913475.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, H. A. 2016. “Pakistan-adaptations Measures to Cope with the Rising Temperature, 1.5-degree Regime.” The Nature News, Environment, Climate Change and Science. Available at http//www.thenaturenews.com/2016/08/
   Google Scholar
• Hakimi, A., and R. Inglesi-Lotz. 2020. “Examining the Differences in the Impact of Climate Change on Innovation between Developed and Developing Countries: Evidence from a Panel System GMM Analysis.” Applied Economics 52 (22): 2353–2365. doi:10.1080/00036846.2019.1690126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckman, J. J., and E. Vytlacil. 2005. “Structural Equations, Treatment Effects, and Econometric Policy Evaluation 1.” Econometrica 73 (3): 669–738. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2005.00594.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertel, T. W., M. B. Burke, and D. B. Lobell. 2010. “The Poverty Implications of Climate-induced Crop Yield Changes by 2030.” Global Environmental Change 20 (4): 577–585. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffman, W. E. 2020. “Human Capital and Adoption of Innovations: Policy Implications.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 42 (1): 92–99. doi:10.1002/aepp.13010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal, M., M. Ahmad, and G. Mustafa. 2015. Impact of Farm Households’ Adaptation on Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Different Agro-ecologies of Pakistan. Climate change working paper series, No. 5, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Issahaku, G., and A. Abdulai. 2019. “Can Farm Households Improve Food and Nutrition Security through Adoption of Climate-smart Practices? Empirical Evidence from Northern Ghana.” Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 42(3): 559–579.
   Google Scholar
• Issahaku, G., and A. Abdulai. 2020. “Adoption of Climate-smart Practices and Its Impact on Farm Performance and Risk Exposure among Smallholder Farmers in Ghana.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 64 (2): 396–420. doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanal, U., C. Wilson, B. L. Lee, and V. N. Hoang. 2018. “Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Food Productivity in Nepal: A Counterfactual Analysis.” Climatic Change 148 (4): 575–590. doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2214-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousar, R., and A. Abdulai. 2016. “Off‐farm Work, Land Tenancy Contracts and Investment in Soil Conservation Measures in Rural Pakistan.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 60 (2): 307–325. doi:10.1111/1467-8489.12125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipper, L., P. Thornton, B. M. Campbell, T. Baedeker, A. Braimoh, M. Bwalya, … R. Hottle. 2014. “Climate-smart Agriculture for Food Security.” Nature Climate Change 4 (12): 1068–1072. doi:10.1038/nclimate2437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokshin, M., and Z. Sajaia. 2004. “Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Endogenous Switching Regression Models.” The Stata Journal 4 (3): 282–289. doi:10.1177/1536867X0400400306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X. 2011. “Provision of Climate Information for Adaptation to Climate Change.” Climate Research 47 (1–2): 83–94. doi:10.3354/cr00950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell, D., B. Vaitla, and J. Coates. 2014. “How Do Indicators of Household Food Insecurity Measure Up? An Empirical Comparison from Ethiopia.” Food Policy 47: 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michler, J. D., K. Baylis, M. Arends-Kuenning, and K. Mazvimavi. 2019. “Conservation Agriculture and Climate Resilience.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 93: 148–169. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2018.11.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutenje, M. J., C. R. Farnworth, C. Stirling, C. Thierfelder, W. Mupangwa, and I. Nyagumbo. 2019. “A Cost-benefit Analysis of Climate-smart Agriculture Options in Southern Africa: Balancing Gender and Technology.” Ecological Economics 163: 126–137. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oseni, G., and P. Winters. 2009. “Rural Nonfarm Activities and Agricultural Crop Production in Nigeria.” Agricultural Economics 40: 189–201. doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00369.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim, R., K. Hassan, and S. Rahman. 2020. “Impact of R&D Expenditures, Rainfall and Temperature Variations in Agricultural Productivity: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh.” Applied Economics 52 (27): 2977–2990. doi:10.1080/00036846.2019.1697422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahzad, M. F., and A. Abdulai. 2020. “Adaptation to Extreme Weather Conditions and Farm Performance in Rural Pakistan.” Agricultural Systems 180: 102772. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, T. 2011. “Selection and Comparative Advantage in Technology Adoption.” Econometrica 79 (1): 159–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swindale, A., and P. Bilisnky. 2006. Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) for Measurement of Household Food Access. Indicator Guide Version 2, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA), USAID. Washington D.C.: HFI 360/FANTA.
   Google Scholar
• Teklewold, H., A. Mekonnen, and G. Kohlin. 2019. “Climate Change Adaptation: A Study of Multiple Climate-smart Practices in the Nile Basin of Ethiopia.” Climate and Development 11 (2): 180–192. doi:10.1080/17565529.2018.1442801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tol, R. S. 2018. “The Economic Impacts of Climate Change.” Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 12 (1): 4–25. doi:10.1093/reep/rex027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale, P. M. 2016. “The Changing Climate of Climate Change Economics.” Ecological Economics 121: 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.10.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Véganzonès-Varoudakis, M. A., and P. Plane. 2019. “Innovation, Exports, Productivity and Investment Climate; a Study Based on Indian Manufacturing Firm-level Data.” Applied Economics 51 (41): 4455–4476. doi:10.1080/00036846.2019.1591606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2015. Future of Food. World Bank Washington, D.C: Shaping a Climate-Smart Global Food System.
   Google Scholar
• Wossen, T., T. Abdoulaye, A. Alene, M. G. Haile, S. Feleke, A. Olanrewaju, and V. Manyong. 2017. “Impacts of Extension Access and Cooperative Membership on Technology Adoption and Household Welfare.” Journal of Rural Studies 54: 223–233. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar