Efficiency, gender diversity and public aid: evidence from Italian agrifood sector

References

• Adenle, A. A., K. Wedig, and H. Azadi. 2019. “Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Africa: The Role of Innovative Technologies and International Organizations.” Technology in Society 58: 101143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adinolfi, F., F. Capitanio, D. E. Marcello, and Y. Vecchio. 2020. “Gender Differences in Farm Entrepreneurship: Comparing Farming Performance of Women and Men in Italy.” New Medit: Mediterranean Journal of Economics, Agriculture and Environment= Revue Mèditerranèenne Dʹeconomie Agriculture Et Environment 19 (1 69–82).
   Google Scholar
• Ali, D., D. Bowen, K. Deininger, and M. Duponchel. 2016. “Investigating the Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Uganda.” World Development 87: 152–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anania, G., A. Balmann, A. Buckwell, J. C. Bureau, P. De Castro, A. Di Mambro and J. Swinnen. (2015). “The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy: An Imperfect Storm.”CEPS Paperback, 17 August 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Balezentis, T., M. Morkunas, A. Volkov, E. Ribasauskiene, and D. Streimikiene. 2021. “Are Women Neglected in the EU Agriculture? Evidence from Lithuanian Young Farmers.” Land Use Policy 101: 105129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, J., A. Long, and J. D. van der Ploeg. 2002. Living Countryside: Rural Development Processes in Eu- Rope - the State of the Art. Doetinchem: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Bird, S. R., and S. G. Sapp. 2004. “Understanding the Gender Gap in Small Business Success: Urban and Rural Comparisons.” Gender & Society 18 (1): 5–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock, B. B. 2004. “Fitting in and Multitasking: Dutch Farm Women’s Strategies in Rural Entrepreneur- Ship.” Sociologia Ruralis 44 (3): 245–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghino, N., M. Corson, L. Nitschelm, A. Wilfart, J. Fleuet, M. Moraine …, and O. Godinot. 2021. “Contribution of LCA to Decision Making: A Scenario Analysis in Territorial Agricultural Production Systems.” Journal of Environmental Management 287: 112288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brush, C. G., and R. Chaganti. 1999. “Businesses Without Glamour? An Analysis of Resources on Performance by Size and Age in Small Service and Retail Firms.” Journal of Business Venturing 14 (3): 233–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callens, I., and D. Tyteca. 1999. “Towards Indicators of Sustainable Development for Firms: A Productive Efficiency Perspective.” Ecological Economics 28 (1): 41–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, S., and J. Weeks. 2002. “Gender and Business Ownership: International Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Theory and Practice.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 3 (2): 81–82.
   Google Scholar
• Charnes, A., W. W. Cooper, and E. Rhodes. 1978. “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units.” European Journal of Operational Research 2 (6): 429–444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivu, L., J. V. Andrei, M. Zaharia, and R. M. Gogonea. 2020. “A Regional Agricultural Efficiency Convergence Assessment in Romania–appraising Differences and Understanding Potentials.” Land Use Policy 99: 104838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. 2002. “Constraints Faced by Women Small Business Owners: Evidence from the Data.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 7 (2): 151–174.
   Google Scholar
• Coluccia, B., D. Valente, G. Fusco, F. De Leo, and D. Porrini. 2020. “Assessing Agricultural Eco-Efficiency in Italian Regions.” Ecological Indicators 116: 106483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contzen, S., and J. Forney. 2017. “Family Farming and Gen- Dered Division of Labour on the Move: A Typology of Farming-Family Configuration.” Agriculture and Human Values 34 (1): 27–40. doi:10.1007/s10460-016-9687-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Adamo, I., M. Gastaldi, and P. Morone. 2022. “Economic Sustainable Development Goals: Assessments and Perspectives in Europe.” Journal of Cleaner Production 354: 131730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagar, V., E. Bansal, M. Murshed, V. Mishra, R. Alvarado, A. Kumar, and M. K. Anser. 2020. “Stochastic Frontier Analysis to Measure Technical Efficiency: Evidence from Skilled and Unskilled Agricultural Labour in India.” International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences 16 (2): 647–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagar, V., M. Bhattacharjee, F. Ahmad, A. Charan, and P. Jit. 2020. “A Comparative Stochastic Frontier Analysis for Technical Efficiency of Irrigation in Haryana.” International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences 16 (1): 199–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagar, V., M. K. Khan, R. Alvarado, M. Usman, A. Zakari, A. Rehman …, and B. Tillaguango. 2021. “Variations in Technical Efficiency of Farmers with Distinct Land Size Across Agro-Climatic Zones: Evidence from India.” Journal of Cleaner Production 315: 128109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagar, V., A. K. Tiwari, S. Mishra, V. Mahajan, S. Singh, P. Jit …, and A. Rehman. 2020. “Covid 19-Risk Management and Technical Efficiency of Farmers Post Migration of Agricultural Labour in India.” International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 16 (1): 965–977.
   Google Scholar
• Danso-Abbeam, G., L. J. Baiyegunhi, and T. O. Ojo. 2020. “Gender Differentials in Technical Efficiency of Ghanaian Cocoa Farms.” Heliyon 6 (5): e04012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Castro, P., F. Adinolfi, F. Capitanio, S. Di Falco, and A. Di Mambro, edited by. 2012. The Politics of Land and Food Scarcity. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Castro, P., P. P. Miglietta, and Y. Vecchio. 2020. “The Common Agricultural Policy 2021-2027: A New History for European Agriculture.” Italian Review of Agricultural Economics 75 (3): 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Deng, X., and J. Gibson. 2019. “Improving Eco-Efficiency for the Sustainable Agricultural Production: A Case Study in Shandong, China.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 144: 394–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa, M., F. Adinolfi, and Y. Vecchio. 2017. “Building Up Collective Action to Qualify Gis.” Land Use Policy 66: 340–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer, W. G. 2018. “Are Family Firms Really Better? Reexamining “Examining the ‘Family Effect’ on Firm Performance”.” Family Business Review 3 (2): 240–248. doi:10.1177/0894486518776516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairlie, R. W., and A. M. Robb. 2009. “Gender Differences in Business Performance: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey.” Small Business Economics 33 (4): 375–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture. Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gap for Development. Rome: FAO.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, M. J. 1957. “The Measurement of Productive Efficiency.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series a (General) 120 (3): 253–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasci, M. A., and J. Valdez. 1998. “A Performance Contrast of Male-And Female-Owned Small Accounting Practices.” Journal of Small Business Management 36 (3): 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, E. M., A. R. Reuber, and L. S. Dyke. 1993. “A Theoretical Overview and Extension of Research on Sex, Gender, and Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 8 (2): 151–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forleo, M. B., V. Giaccio, L. Mastronardi, and L. Romagnoli. 2021. “Analysing the Efficiency of Diversified Farms: Evidences from Italian FADN Data.” Journal of Rural Studies 82: 262–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusco, G., M. Melgiovanni, D. Porrini, and T. M. Ricciardo. 2020. “How to Improve the Diffusion of Climate-Smart Agriculture: What the Literature Tells Us.” Sustainability 12 (12): 5168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasson, R., and A. J. Errington. 1993. The Farm Family Business. Wallingford: Cab International.
   Google Scholar
• Gasson, R., and A. J. Errington. 1993. The Farm Family Business. Cab International.
   Google Scholar
• Gatewood, E. J., C. G. Brush, N. M. Carter, P. G. Greene, and M. M. Hart. 2009. “Diana: A Symbol of Women Entrepreneurs’ Hunt for Knowledge, Money, and the Rewards of Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 32 (2): 129–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godoy-Durán, Á., E. Galdeano-Gómez, J. C. Pérez-Mesa, and L. Piedra-Muñoz. 2017. “Assessing Eco-Efficiency and the Determinants of Horticultural Family-Farming in Southeast Spain.” Journal of Environmental Management 204: 594–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, S., and M. Niefert. 2013. “Gender Differences in Business Success of German Start-Up Firms.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 18 (1): 15–46.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, S., and M. Blake. 2009. “Gender and Entrepreneur- Ial Networks.” Regional Studies 43 (1): 135–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma, S., and J. L. Hu. 2014. “Industry-Level Total-Factor Energy Efficiency in Developed Countries: A Japan-Centered Analysis.” Applied Energy 119: 67–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, J. L., S. C. Wang, and F. Y. Yeh. 2006. “Total-Factor Water Efficiency of Regions in China.” Resources Policy 31 (4): 217–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISTAT. 2019. https://www.istat.it/it/files//2019/12/Struttura-unit%C3%A0-economiche-settore-agricolo.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jones, K., and R. Tullous. 2002. “Behaviors of Pre‐venture Entrepreneurs and Perceptions of Their Financial Needs.” Journal of Small Business Management 40 (3): 233–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalirajan, K. P. 1990. “On Measuring Economic Efficiency.” Journal of Applied Econometrics 5 (1): 75–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, D. R., M. Musumba, S. L. Wood, C. Palm, J. Antle, P. Balvanera …, and S. Andelman. 2018. “Evaluating Agricultural Trade-Offs in the Age of Sustainable Development.” Agricultural Systems 163: 73–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keating, B. A., P. S. Carberry, P. S. Bindraban, S. Asseng, H. Meinke, and J. Dixon. 2010. “Eco‐efficient Agriculture: Concepts, Challenges, and Opportunities.” Crop Science 50: 109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klasen, S. 2018. “The Impact of Gender Inequality on Economic Performance in Developing Countries.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 10: 279–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, A. C., T. W. Reynolds, P. Biscaye, V. Patwardhan, and C. Schmidt. 2021. “Economic Benefits of Empowering Women in Agriculture: Assumptions and Evidence.” The Journal of Development Studies 57 (2): 193–208. doi:10.1080/00220388.2020.1769071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitch, C., F. Welter, and C. Henry. 2018. “Women En- Trepreneurs’ Financing Revisited: Taking Stock and Looking Forward.” Venture Capital 20 (2): 103–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, J. 2006. “Gender and Sexuality in Rural Communities.” Handbook of Rural Studies 365–378.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, T., and R. Sonnino. 2008. “Rural Development and the Regional State: Denying Multifunctional Agriculture in the UK.” Journal of Rural Studies 24 (4): 422–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, K., and H. Carlsson. 2004, Marchde marzo . “The Impact of Gender Equality in Land Rights on Development.” In Documento Presentado En la Conferencia Sobre el Tema “Human Rights and Development: Towards Mutual Reinforcement” auspiciada por la Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad de Nueva York. 1º de marzo, Nueva York.
   Google Scholar
• Mirchandani, K. 1999. “Feminist Insight on Gendered Work: New Directions in Research on Women and Entrepreneurship.” Gender, Work & Organization 6 (4): 224–235.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, A. K., A. R. Khanal, and S. Mohanty. 2017. “Gender Differentials in Farming Efficiency and Profits: The Case of Rice Production in the Philippines.” Land Use Policy 63: 461–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, C. J. 2010. “Measuring and Decomposing Agricultural Productivity and Profitability Change.” The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 54 (4): 527–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios-López, A., and R. López. 2015. “The Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity: The Role of Market Imperfections.” The Journal of Development Studies 51 (9): 1175–1192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quisumbing, A. R., R. Meinzen-Dick, T. L. Raney, A. Croppenstedt, J. A. Behrman, and A. Peterman. 2014. “Closing the Knowledge Gap on Gender in Agriculture.” In Gender in Agriculture, 3–27. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Raimondo, M., F. Caracciolo, C. Nazzaro, and G. Marotta. 2021. “Organic Farming Increases the Technical Efficiency of Olive Farms in Italy.” Agriculture 11 (3): 209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renting, H., W. A. H. Rossing, J. C. J. Groot, J. D. Van der Ploeg, C. Laurent, D. Perraud …, and M. K. Van Ittersum. 2009. “Exploring Multifunctional Agriculture. A Review of Conceptual Approaches and Prospects for an Integrative Transitional Framework.” Journal of Environmental Management 90: S112–S123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robaina-Alves, M., and V. Moutinho. 2014. “Decomposition of Energy-Related GHG Emissions in Agriculture Over 1995–2008 for European Countries.” Applied Energy 114: 949–957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robb, A., and J. Watson. 2010. “Comparing the Performance of Female-And Male-Controlled SMEs: Evidence from the United States and Australia.” Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 30 (8): 1.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs, C. E. 1983. The Invisible Farmers: Women in Agricultural Production. Washington, DC: Rowman and Allanheld.
   Google Scholar
• Saroha, K., V. Dagar, P. Jit, R. Alvarado, V. Mishra, N. Pahwa, and A. Zakaria. 2021. “COVID-19: Trend Analysis for Market Arrival of Green Gram in India.” International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 16: 1017–1031.
   Google Scholar
• Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson. 1998. “Sensitivity Analysis of Efficiency Scores: How to Bootstrap in Nonparametric Frontier Models.” Management Science 44 (1): 49–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson. 1999. “Estimating and Bootstrapping Malmquist Indices.” European Journal of Operational Research 115 (3): 459–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson. 2000. “A General Methodology for Bootstrapping in Non-Parametric Frontier Models.” Journal of Applied Statistics 27 (6): 779–802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson. 2000. “Statistical Inference in Nonparametric Frontier Models: The State of the Art.” Journal of Productivity Analysis 13 (1): 49–78. doi:10.1023/A:1007864806704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simar, L., and P. W. Wilson. 2011. “Performance of the Bootstrap for DEA Estimators and Iterating the Principle .” In Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis, 241–271. Boston, MA: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Stratigaki, M. 2005. “Gender Mainstreaming Vs Pos- Itive Action: An Ongoing Conflict in EU Gender Equality Policy.” European Journal of Women’s Studies 12 (2): 165–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaminathan, H., R. Lahoti, and J. Y. Suchitra. 2012. Women’s Property, Mobility, and Decisionmaking: Evidence from Rural. Karnataka, India: The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, K. J., and S. Davidova 2014. ”Economic Aspects of Family Farming in the European Context.” .
   Google Scholar
• Toma, P., P.P. Miglietta, G. Zurlini, D. Valente, and I. Petrosillo. 2017. “A Non-Parametric Bootstrap-Data Envelopment Analysis Approach for Environmental Policy Planning and Management of Agricultural Efficiency in EU Countries.” Ecological Indicators 83: 132–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vecchio, Y., M. Francescone, F. Adinolfi, and M. De Rosa. 2021. ““Ambidexterity”: Trump Card for Farm’s Innovativeness and Competitiveness.” British Food Journal 124 (13): 1–13. doi:10.1108/BFJ-03-2021-0264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vik, J., and G. McElwee. 2011. “Diversification and the Entre- Preneurial Motivations of Farmers in Norway.” Journal of Small Business Management 49 (3): 390–410. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00327.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlontzos, G., and P. M. Pardalos. 2017. “Assess and Prognosticate Green House Gas Emissions from Agricultural Production of EU Countries, by Implementing, DEA Window Analysis and Artificial Neural Networks.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76: 155–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J., and R. Newby. 2005. “Biological Sex, Stereotypical Sex‐roles, and SME Owner Characteristics.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 11 (2): 129–143. doi:10.1108/13552550510590545.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, P. 1999. “The Challenge of Sustainability at the Farm Level: Presidential Address.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 50 (3): 371–387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weltin, M., I. Zasada, C. Franke, A. Piorr, M. Raggi, and D. Viaggi. 2017. “Analysing Behavioural Differences of Farm Households: An Example of Income Diversification Strategies Based on European Farm Survey Data.” Land Use Policy 62: 172–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whatmore, S. 1994. “Theoretical Achievements and Challenges in European Rural Gender Studies.” Rural Society 4: 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Whatmore, S. 2016. Farming Women: Gender, Work and Family Enterprise. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2012. “World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality in Development.” World Bank, Washington, DC
   Google Scholar
• Zakari, A., I. Khan, D. Tan, R. Alvarado, and V. Dagar. 2022. “Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Energy 239: 122365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakari, A., J. Toplak, M. Ibtissem, V. Dagar, and M. K. Khan. 2021. “Impact of Nigeria’s Industrial Sector on Level of Inefficiency for Energy Consumption: Fisher Ideal Index Decomposition Analysis.” Heliyon 7 (5): e06952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamanian, G. R., V. Shahabinejad, and M. Yaghoubi. 2013. “Application of DEA and SFA on the Measurement of Agricultural Technical Efficiency in MENA Countries INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED OPERATIONAL RESEARCH 3 43–51 .”
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, R., W. Ma, and J. Liu. 2021. “Impact of Government Subsidy on Agricultural Production and Pollution: A Game-Theoretic Approach.” Journal of Cleaner Production 285: 124806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, L., Y. Zhang, M. Sadiq, V. M. Hieu, and T. Q. Ngo. 2021. “Testing Green Fiscal Policies for Green Investment, Innovation and Green Productivity Amid the COVID-19 Era.” Economic Change and Restructuring 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar