64
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Reassessing customer discrimination in local market National Basketball Association television viewership

, ORCID Icon &

References

  • Aldrich, E. M., P. S. Arcidiacono, and J. L. Vigdor. 2005. “Do People Value Racial Diversity? Evidence from Nielsen Ratings.” The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 5 (1): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2202/1538-0653.1396.
  • Becker, G. M. 1957. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. M. 1971. The Economics of Discrimination. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Berri, D. J., M. B. Schmidt, and S. L. Brook. 2004. “Stars at the Gate: The Impact of Star Power on NBA Gate Revenues.” Journal of Sports Economics 5 (1): 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002503254051.
  • Bobo, L., C. Charles, M. Krysan, and A. Simmons. 2012. “The Real Record on Racial Attitudes.” In Social Trends in American Life: Findings from the General Social Survey Since 1972, edited by P. Marsden, 38–39. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Borland, J., and R. MacDonald. 2003. “Demand for Sport.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 19 (4): 478–502. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/19.4.478.
  • Brown, E., R. Spiro, and D. Keenan. 1991. “Wage and Nonwage Discrimination in Professional Basketball: Do Fans Affect It?” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 50 (3): 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb02300.x.
  • Broyles, P., and B. Keen. 2010. “Consumer Discrimination in the NBA: An Examination of the Effect of Race on the Value of Basketball Trading Cards.” The Social Science Journal 47 (1): 162–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2009.07.003.
  • Burdekin, R. C., R. T. Hossfeld, and J. K. Smith. 2005. “Are NBA Fans Becoming Indifferent to Race? Evidence from the 1990s.” Journal of Sports Economics 6 (2): 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002503262641.
  • Burdekin, R. C., and T. L. Idson. 1991. “Customer Preferences, Attendance and the Racial Structure of Professional Basketball Teams.” Applied Economics 23 (1): 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036849108841062.
  • Cameron, A. C., and D. L. Miller. 2015. “A practitioner’s Guide to Cluster-Robust Inference.” Journal of Human Resources 50 (2): 317–372. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.50.2.317.
  • Chung, J., Y. H. Lee, and J. H. Kang. 2016. “Ex Ante and Ex Post Expectations of Outcome Uncertainty and Baseball Television Viewership.” Journal of Sports Economics 17 (8): 790–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002514551002.
  • Collins, C., and B. R. Humphreys. 2022. “Contest Outcome Uncertainty and Fan Decisions: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Sports Economics 23 (6): 789–807. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025221091544.
  • Depken, C. A., II, and J. M. Ford. 2006. “Customer-Based Discrimination Against Major League Baseball Players: Additional Evidence from All-Star Ballots.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 35 (6): 1061–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.057.
  • Foley, M., and F. H. Smith. 2007. “Consumer Discrimination in Professional Sports: New Evidence from Major League Baseball.” Applied Economics Letters 14 (13): 951–955.
  • Fort, R., Y. H. Lee, and D. Berri. 2008. “Race, Technical Efficiency, and Retention: The Case of NBA Coaches.” International Journal of Sport Finance 3 (2): 84.
  • Gabriel, P. E., C. D. Johnson, and T. J. Stanton. 1999. “Customer racial discrimination for baseball memorabilia.” Applied Economics 31 (11): 1331–1335. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368499323210.
  • Grimshaw, S. D., and J. S. Larson. 2021. “Effect of Star Power on NBA All-Star Game Tv Audience.” Journal of Sports Economics 22 (2): 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002520959127.
  • Gwartney, J., and C. Haworth. 1974. “Employer Costs and Discrimination: The Case of Baseball.” Journal of Political Economy 82 (4): 873–881. https://doi.org/10.1086/260241.
  • Hanssen, F. A., and T. Andersen. 1999. “Has Discrimination Lessened Over Time? A Test Using baseball’s All-Star Vote.” Economic Inquiry 37 (2): 326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1999.tb01433.x.
  • Humphreys, B. R., and C. Johnson. 2020. “The Effect of Superstars on Game Attendance: Evidence from the NBA.” Journal of Sports Economics 21 (2): 152–175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002519885441.
  • Humphreys, B. R., and L. Pérez. 2019. “Loss Aversion, Upset Preference, and Sports Television Viewing Audience Size.” Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 78:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2018.12.002.
  • Hvattum, L. M., and H. Arntzen. 2010. “Using ELO Ratings for Math Result Prediction in Football.” International Journal of Forecasting 26 (3): 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2009.10.002.
  • Jane, W. J. 2014. “Customer Discrimination and Outcome Uncertainty in the World Baseball Classic: The Case of the Taiwanese Television Audience.” In The Sports Business in the Pacific Rim: Economics and Policy, edited by Y. H. Lee and R. Fort, 103–121. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Kahn, L. M. 2000. “The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (3): 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.75.
  • Kahn, L. M. 2009. The Economics of Discrimination: Evidence from Basketball. (NCER Working Paper No. 40).
  • Kahn, L. M., and P. D. Sherer. 1988. “Racial Differences in Professional Basketball players’ Compensation.” Journal of Labor Economics 6 (1): 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1086/298174.
  • Kanazawa, M. T., and J. P. Funk. 2001. “Racial Discrimination in Professional Basketball: Evidence from Nielsen Ratings.” Economic Inquiry 39 (4): 599–608. https://doi.org/10.1093/ei/39.4.599.
  • Kuppuswamy, V., and P. Younkin. 2020. “Testing the Theory of Consumer Discrimination as an Explanation for the Lack of Minority Hiring in Hollywood Films.” Management Science 66 (3): 1227–1247. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3241.
  • Leonard, J. S., D. I. Levine, and L. Giuliano. 2010. “Customer Discrimination.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 92 (3): 670–678. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00018.
  • Lewis, J. 2010. Demo Reel, Part 3: Except for NBA, Not Much Diversity in Sports TV Audience. SportsMediaWatch.com. https://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2014/01/demo-reel-part-3-except-for-nba-not-much-diversity-in-sports-tv-audience/.
  • Long, J. S. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • McGarrity, J., H. D. Palmer, and M. Poitras. 1999. “Consumer Racial Discrimination: A Reassessment of the Market for Baseball Cards.” Journal of Labor Research 20 (2): 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12122-999-1017-7.
  • Mills, B. M., S. Salaga, and S. Tainsky. 2016. “NBA Primary Market Ticket Consumers: Ex Ante Expectations and Consumer Market Origination.” Journal of Sport Management 30 (5): 538–552. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2015-0230.
  • Nardinelli, C., and C. Simon. 1990. “Customer Racial Discrimination in the Market for Memorabilia: The Case of Baseball.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 105 (3): 575–595. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937891.
  • Neumark, D. 2018. “Experimental Research on Labor Market Discrimination.” Journal of Economic Literature 56 (3): 799–866. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20161309.
  • Nielsen. 2015 February. Hoop Dreams: Multicultural Diversity in NBA Viewership. Nielsen.com. https://www.nielsen.com/insights/2015/hoop-dreams-multicultural-diversity-in-nba-viewership/.
  • Paul, R. J., and A. P. Weinbach. 2007. “The Uncertainty of Outcome and Scoring Effects on Nielsen Ratings for Monday Night Football.” Journal of Economics and Business 59 (3): 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconbus.2006.05.001.
  • Price, J., and J. Wolfers. 2010. “Racial Discrimination Among NBA Referees.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 125 (4): 1859–1887.
  • Rottenberg, S. 1956. “The Baseball players’ Labor Market.” Journal of Political Economy 64 (3): 242–258. https://doi.org/10.1086/257790.
  • Salaga, S., M. Mondello, and S. Tainsky. 2022. “Determinants of Consumption for Regional Sports Network Programming: An Examination of Inheritance Effects, Lead-In, Lead-Out, and Game Viewership.” Sport Management Review 25 (3): 501–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1953831.
  • Salaga, S., S. Tainsky, and M. Mondello. 2020. “Betting Market Outcomes and NBA Television Viewership.” Journal of Sport Management 34 (2): 161–172. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0046.
  • Schollaert, P. T., and D. H. Smith. 1987. “Team Racial Composition and Sports Attendance.” The Sociological Quarterly 28 (1): 71–87.
  • Scully, G. W. 1974. “Discrimination: The Case of Baseball.” Government and the Sports Business 221–273.
  • Stone, E. W., and R. S. Warren. 1999. “Customer Discrimination in Professional Basketball: Evidence from the Trading-Card Market.” Applied Economics 31 (6): 679–685. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368499323896.
  • Tainsky, S., B. M. Mills, and J. A. Winfree. 2015. “Further Examination of Potential Discrimination Among MLB Umpires.” Journal of Sports Economics 16 (4): 353–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002513487740.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.