References
- Harré , E. S. M. , Price , P. D. Ayrey , R. B. 1997 . Respiratory effects of air pollution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a three‐month prospective study. . Thorax , 52 : 1040 – 44 .
- Lebowitz , M. D. 1996 . Epidemiological studies of the respiratory effects of air pollution. . Eur Respir J , 9 : 1029 – 54 .
- Pope , C. A. III , Dockery , D. W. Spengler , J. D. 1991 . Respiratory health and PM10 pollution. . Am Rev Respir Dis , 144 : 668 – 74 .
- Committee of the Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly of the American Thoracic Society . 1996 . Health effects of outdoor pollution. . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 153 : 3 – 50 .
- Takenaka , H. , Zhang , K. Diaz‐Sanchez , D. 1995 . Enhanced human IgE production results from exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons from diesel exhaust: direct effects on B‐cells IgE production. . J Allergy Clin Immunol , 95 : 103 – 15 .
- Diaz‐Sanchez , D. , Tsien , A. Casillas , A. 1996 . Enhanced nasal cytokine production in human beings after in vivo challenge with diesel exhaust particles. . J Allergy Clin Immunol , 98 : 114 – 23 .
- Diaz‐Sanchez , D. , Tsien , A. Fleming , J. 1997 . Combined diesel exhaust particulate and ragweed allergen challenge markedly enhances human in vivo nasal ragweed‐specific IgE and skews cytokine production to a T helper cell 2‐type pattern . J Immunol , 158 : 2406 – 13 .
- Terada , N. , Maesako , K. Hiruma , K. 1997 . Diesel exhaust particulates enhance eosinophil adhesion to nasal epithelial cells and cause degranulation. . Int Arch Allergy Immunol , 114 : 167 – 74 .
- Bayram , H. , Devalia , J. L. Sapsford , R. J. 1998 . The effect of diesel exhaust particles on cell function and release of inflammatory mediators from human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. . Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol , 18 : 441 – 48 .
- Devalia , J. L. , Bayram , H. Rusznak , C. 1997 . Mechanisms of pollution‐induced airway disease: in vitro studies in the upper and lower airways. . Allergy , 52 : 45 – 51 .
- Steerenberg , P. A. , Zonnenberg , J. A. J. Dormans , J. A. M. A. 1998 . Diesel exhaust particles induced release of interleukin 6 and 8 by (primed) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS 2B) in vitro. . Exp Lung Res , 24 : 85 – 100 .
- Boland , S. , Baeza‐Squiban , A. Fournier , T. 1999 . Diesel exhaust particles are taken up by human airway epithelial cells in vitro and alter cytokine production . Am J Physiol , 276 : 1604 – 13 .
- Plopper , G. C. , Hyde , D. M. and Weir , A. J. 1983 . Centriacinar alterations in lungs of cats chronically exposed to diesel exhaust. . Lab Invest , 49 : 391 – 99 .
- White , H. J. and Garg , B. D. 1981 . Early pulmonary response of the rat lung to inhalation of high concentration of diesel particles. . J Appl Toxicol , 1 : 104 – 10 .
- Yu , C. P. and Xu , G. B. 1987 . Predicted deposition of diesel particles in young humans. . J Aerosol Sci , 18 : 419 – 29 .
- Paris , S. , Boisvieux‐Ulrich , E. Crestani , B. 1997 . Internalization of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by epithelial and endothelial cells. . Infect Immunol , 65 : 1510 – 14 .
- Chi , E. , Mehl , T. Nunn , D. 1991 . Interaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with A549 pneumocyte cells. . Infect Immunol , 59 : 822 – 28 .
- Stringer , B. , Imrich , A. and Kobzik , L. 1996 . Lung epithelial cell (A549) interaction with unopsonized environmental particulates: quantitation of particle‐specific binding and IL‐8 production. . Exp Lung Res , 22 : 495 – 508 .
- Blau , H. , Riklis , S. Kravtsov , V. 1994 . Secretion of cytokines by rat alveolar epithelial cells: possible regulatory role for SP‐A. . Am J Physiol , 266 : 148 – 55 .
- Crestani , B. , Cornillet , P. Dehoux , M. 1994 . Alveolar type II epithelial cells produce interleukin‐6 in vitro and in vivo. Regulation by alveolar macrophage secretory products. . J Clin Invest , 94 : 731 – 40 .
- Palfreyman , R. W. , Watson , M. L. Eden , C. 1997 . Induction of biologically active interleukin‐8 from lung epithelial cells by Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia products. . Infect Immunol , 65 : 617 – 22 .
- Standiford , T. J. , Kunkel , S. L. Basdha , M. A. 1990 . Interleukin‐8 gene expression by a pulmonary epithelial cell line. A model for cytokine networks in the lung. . J Clin Invest , 86 : 1945 – 53 .
- Takano , H. , Yoshikawa , T. Ichinose , T. 1997 . Diesel exhaust particles enhance antigen‐induced airway inflammation and local cytokine expression in mice. . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 156 : 36 – 42 .
- Teran , L. M. , Johnston , S. L. Schroder , J. M. 1997 . Role of nasal interleukin‐8 in neutrophil recruitment and activation in children with virus‐induced asthma. . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 155 : 1362 – 66 .
- Tazi , A. , Bouchonnet , F. Grandsaige , M. 1993 . Evidence that granulocyte macrophage‐colony‐stimulating factor regulates the distribution and differentiated state of dendritic cells/Langerhans cells in human lung and lung cancers. . J Clin Invest , 91 : 566 – 76 .
- Foster , K. A. , Oster , C. G. Mayer , M. M. 1998 . Characterization of the A549 cell line as a type II pulmonary epithelial cell model for drug metabolism. . Exp Cell Res , 243 : 359 – 66 .
- Stringer , B. , Imrich , A. and Kobzik , L. 1995 . Flow cytometric assay of lung macrophage uptake of environmental particulates. . Cytometry , 20 : 23 – 32 .
- Legrand , C. , Bour , J. M. Jacob , C. 1992 . Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of cultured eukaryotic cells as marker of the number of dead cells in the medium. . J Biotechnol , 25 : 231 – 43 .
- Ichinose , T. , Furuyama , A. and Sagai , M. 1995 . Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP). II. Acute toxicity of DEP introduced into lung by intratracheal instillation. . Toxicology , 99 : 153 – 67 .
- Harmsen , A. G. , Mugggenburg , B. A. Snipes , M. B. 1985 . The role of macrophages in particle translocation from lungs to lymph nodes. . Science , 230 : 1277 – 80 .
- Rosenthal , G. J. , Germolec , D. R. Blazka , M. E. 1994 . Asbestos stimulates IL‐8 production from human lung epithelial cells. . J Immunol , 153 : 3237 – 44 .
- Markowicz , S. and Engleman , E. 1990 . Grandulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor promotes differentiation and survival of human peripheral blood dendritic cells in vitro. . J Clin Invest , 85 : 955 – 61 .
- Shehamer , J. H. , Levine , S. J. Wu , T. 1995 . Airway inflammation. . Ann Intern Med , 123 : 288 – 304 .
- Stampfli , M. R. , Wiley , R. E. Neigh , G. S. 1998 . GM‐CSF transgene expression in the airway allows aerosolized ovalbumin to induce allergic sensitization in mice. . J Clin Invest , 102 : 1704 – 14 .
- Andreutti , D. , Gagbbiani , G. and Neuville , P. 1998 . Early granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor expression by alveolar inflammatory cells during bleomycin‐induced rat lung fibrosis. . Lab Invest , 78 : 1493 – 1502 .
- Boland , S. , Bonvallot , V. Fournier , T. 2000 . Mechanisms of GM‐CSF increase by diesel exhaust particles in human airway epithelial cells . Am J Physiol , 278 : 125 – 32 .
- Ohtoshi , T. , Takizawa , H. Okazaki , H. 1998 . Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation. . J Allergy Clin Immunol , 101 : 778 – 85 .
- Lovik , M. , Hogseth , A. Gaarder , P. I. 1997 . Diesel exhaust particles and carbon black have adjuvant activity on the local lymph node response and systemic IgE production to ovalbumin. . Toxicology , 121 : 165 – 78 .
- Yang , H. , Ma , J. Y. C. Castranova , V. 1997 . Effects of diesel exhaust particles on the release of interleukine‐1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha from rat alveolar macrophages. . Exp Lung Res , 23 : 269 – 84 .
- Ghio , A. J. , Richards , J. H. Carter , J. D. 2000 . Accumulation of iron in the rat lung after tracheal instillation in diesel particles. . Toxicol Pathol , 28 : 619 – 27 .