Placental Cadmium and Birthweight in Women Living Near a Lead Smelter

References

• Kramer , MS . 1987 . Determinants of low birth weight: methodological assessment and meta-analysis . Bull World Health Org , 65 : 663 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Factor-Litvak , P , Graziano , JH Kline , JK . 1991 . A prospective study of birthweight and length of gestation in a population surrounding a lead smelter in Kosovo, Yugoslavia . Int J Epidemiol , in press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needleman , HL , Rabinowitz , M , Leviton , A , Linn , S and Schoenbaum , S . 1984 . The relationship between prenatal exposure to lead and congenital anomalies . JAMA , 251 : 2956 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael , AJ , Vimpani , GV , Robertson , EF , Baghurst , PA and Clark , PD . 1986 . The Port Pirie cohort study: maternal blood lead and pregnancy outcome . J Epidemiol Commun Health , 40 : 18 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornschein , RL . 1989 . “ Effects of prenatal lead exposure on infant size at birth ” . In Lead exposure and child development—an international assessment , Edited by: Smith , M , Grant , LD and Sors , AI . 307 – 19 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich , KN , Krafft , KM Bornschein , RL . 1987 . Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioural development in early infancy . Pediatrics , 80 : 721 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roels , HA , Hubermont , G , Buchet , JP and Lauwerys , RR . 1978 . Placental transfer of lead, mercury, cadmium, and carbon monoxide in women. III. Factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals in the placenta and the relationship between metal concentration in the placenta and in maternal and cord blood . Environ Res , 16 : 236 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpela , H , Loueniva , R , Yrjanheikki , E and Kauppila , A . 1986 . Lead and cadmium concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, placenta, and amniotic membranes . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 155 : 1086 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnert , PM , Kuhnert , BR , Bottoms , SF and Erhard , P . 1982 . Cadmium levels in maternal blood, fetal cord blood, and placental tissues of pregnant women who smoke . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 142 : 1021 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnert , BR , Kuhnert , PM and Zarlingo , TJ . 1988 . Associations between placental cadmium and zinc, age and parity in pregnant women who smoke . Obstet Gynecol , 71 : 67 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhnert , BR , Kuhnert , PM , Debanne , S and Williams , T . 1987 . The relationship between cadmium, zinc and birthweight in pregnant women who smoke . Am J obstet Gynecol , 157 : 1247 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorell , TS and Graziano , JH . 1990 . Effect of oral cadmium exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal zinc metabolism in the rate . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 102 : 537 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovac , D , Colakovic , B Haxhiu , M . 1981 . Environmental pollution in the industrial region of Kosovska Mitrovica and possible effects on human health . Acta Biol Med Exper (Pristina) , 6 : 61 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Graziano , JH , Popovac , D Factor-Litvak , P . 1990 . Determinants of elevated blood lead during pregnancy in a population surrounding a lead smelter in Kosova, Yugoslavia . Environ Health Perspect , 89 : 95 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , F and Hilligoss , D . 1982 . An improved graphite furnace method for the determination of lead in blood using matrix modification and the L'vov platform . Atomic Spectr , 3 : 130 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Sorell , TL . 1988 . Interactions of cadmium and zinc during pregnancy , Columbia University Doctoral Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Pruszkowska , E , Carnrick , GR and Slavin , W . 1983 . Direct determination of cadmium in urine with use of a stabilized temperature platform furnace and Zeeman background correction . Clin Chemistry , 29 ( 3 ) : 477 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinbaum , DG and Kupper , LL . 1978 . Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods , North Scituate, MA : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scheffé , H . 1967 . The analysis of variance , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , NI , Watson , R and Bryce-Smith , D . 1987 . Placental elemental levels in relation to fetal development for obstetrically “normal” births: a study of 37 elements. Evidence for effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on fetal growth, and for smoking as a source of cadmium . Int J Biosocial Res , 9 : 63 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhnert , PM , Kuhnert , BR Erhard , BS . 1987 . The effect of smoking on placental and fetal zinc status . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 157 : 1241 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1979 . Surgeon General Report: smoking and health, Chapter 8. Pregnancy and infant health , Washington, DC : United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare—Public Health Service .
   Google Scholar
• Abel , EL . 1980 . Smoking during pregnancy: a review of effects on growth and development of offspring . Human Biol , 52 : 593 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew , AR and Fell , GS . 1972 . Simplified colorimetric determination of thiocyanate in biological fluids, and its application to investigation of the toxic amblyopias . Clin Chem , 18 : 996 – 1000 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo , LD . 1977 . The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant women, fetus, and newborn infant . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 129 : 494 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick , R , Brink , BW and Wilkes , M . 1979 . Catecholamine-mediated reduction in uterine blood flow after nicotine infusion in the pregnant ewe . J Clin Invest , 63 : 1133 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar