Vegetational Change and Ice-Wedge Polygons through the Thaw-Lake Cycle in Arctic Alaska

References Cited

• Aleksandrova, V. D., 1974: Special methods of succession analysis in Eurasian tundra vegetation. In Knapp, R. (ed.), Vegetation Dynamics. Part VIII of Handbook of Vegetation Science. The Hague: Junk, 59–72.
   Google Scholar
• Beschel, R. E., 1961: Dating rock surfaces by lichen growth and its application to glaciology and physiography (Lichenometry). In Raasch, G. O. (ed.), Geology of the Arctic. Vol. 2. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1044–1062.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., 1938: The structure and development of old field shortleaf pine stands and certain associated physical properties of the soil. Ecological Monographs, 8: 437–499.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., 1941: Quantitative correlations between vegetational changes and soil development. Ecology, 22: 448–456.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., 1978: Plants and the Ecosystem. Belmont, California: Wadsworth. 177 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D. and Mooney, H. A., 1959: An apparent frost hummock — sorted polygon cycle in the alpine tundra of Wyoming. Ecology, 40: 16–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, W. D., Peterson, K. M., and Shaver, G. R., 1978: Growth, turnover, and respiration rates of roots and tillers in tundra graminoids. In Tieszen, L. L. (ed.), Vegetation and Production Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra. New York: Springer-Verlag, 415–434.
   Google Scholar
• Black, R. F., 1964: Gubik Formation of Quaternary age in northern Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 302-C: 59–91.
   Google Scholar
• Black, R. F., 1969: Thaw depressions and thaw lakes — a review. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 19: 131–150.
   Google Scholar
• Britton, M. E., 1957: Vegetation of the arctic tundra. In Hansen, H. P. (ed.), Arctic Biology. (2nd edition, 1967.) Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 26–72.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J., 1965: Radiocarbon dating, Barrow, Alaska. Arctic, 18: 37–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J., 1967: Tundra soils formed over ice wedges, northern Alaska. Soil Science Society of America, Proceedings, 31: 689–691.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. and Sellmann, P. V., 1973: Permafrost and coastal plain history of arctic Alaska. In Britton, M. E. (ed.), Alaskan Arctic Tundra. Arctic Institute of North America Technical Paper, 25, 31–47.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, C. E., 1968: Radiocarbon dating of lacustrine strands in arctic Alaska. Arctic, 21: 12–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin, F. S., III, Miller, P. C., Billings, W. D., and Coyne, P. I., in press: Carbon and nutrient budgets and their control in coastal tundra. In Brown, J. et al. (eds.), An Arctic Ecosystem: The Coastal Tundra at Barrow, Alaska. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Chapter 12.
   Google Scholar
• Churchill, E. D. and Hanson, H. C., 1958: The concept of climax in arctic and alpine vegetation. Botanical Review, 24: 127–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clements, F. E., 1916: Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 24–2. 512 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Coile, T. S., 1940: Soil changes associated with loblolly pine succession on abandoned agricultural land of the piedmont plateau. Duke University School of Forestry Bulletin, 5. 85 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Coombe, D. E. and White, F., 1951: Notes on calcicolous communities and peat formation in Norwegian Lappland. Journal of Ecology, 39: 33–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, W. S., 1913: The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development. Botanical Gazette, 55: 1–44, 115–140, 189–235.
   Google Scholar
• Cowles, H. C., 1899: The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette, 27: 95–117, 167–202, 281–308, 361–391.
   Google Scholar
• Drew, J. V. and Tedrow, J. C. F., 1962: Arctic soil classification and patterned ground. Arctic, 15: 109–116.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, H. C., 1950: Vegetation and soil profiles in some solifluction and mound areas in Alaska. Ecology, 31:606–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, D. M. and Sigafoos, R. S., 1951: Frost action and vegetation patterns on Seward Peninsula, Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 974-C, 51–101.
   Google Scholar
• Hultén, E., 1968: Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1008 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenbruch, A. H., 1962: Mechanics of thermal contraction cracks and ice-wedge polygons in permafrost. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 70. 69 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Leffingwell, E. de K., 1919: The Canning River region, northern Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 109. 251 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lewellen, R. I., 1972: Studies on the Fluvial Environment Arctic Coastal Plain Province, Northern Alaska. Published by the author, Littleton, Colorado. 2 volumes, 282 pp. plus maps.
   Google Scholar
• Lewellen, R. I., 1973: The occurrence and characteristics of nearshore permafrost, northern Alaska. In: Permafrost: The North American Contribution to the Second International Permafrost Conference, Yakutsk, 1973. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 131–136.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, D. A., 1954: On the orientation of lake basins. American Journal of Science, 252: 547–554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCarthy, G. R., 1952: Geothermal investigation on the Arctic slope of Alaska. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 33: 589–593.
   Google Scholar
• Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J., 1979: A CO2-climate sensitivity study with a mathematical model of global climate. Nature, 282: 491–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, C. H., 1952: Plant succession in arctic heath and tundra in northern Scandinavia. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 79: 296–309.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, S. W., 1947: Permafrost or permanently frozen ground and related engineering problems. Ann Arbor, Michigan: J. W. Edwards. 231 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nordhagen, R., 1943: Sikilsdalen og Norges Fjellbeiter. En Plantsosiologisk Monografi. Griegs Boktryh. 607 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Odum, E. P., 1969: The strategy of ecosystem development. Science, 164: 262–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, J. S., 1958: Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan sand dunes. Botanical Gazette, 119: 125–170.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, K. M. and Billings, W. D., 1978: Geomorphic processes and vegetational change along the Meade River sand bluffs, northern Alaska. Arctic, 31: 7–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, K. M. and Billings, W. D., 1980: Tundra vegetational patterns and succession in relation to microtopography near Atkasook, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12: 473–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péwé, T. L., 1966: Permafrost and Its Effect on Life in the North. 2nd ed. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. 40 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Raup, H. M., 1971: The vegetational relations of weathering, frost action, and patterned ground processes in the Mesters Vig District, Northeast Greenland. Meddelelser om Grønland, 194: 1–92.
   Google Scholar
• Shaver, G. R., Chapin, F. S., III, and Billings, W. D., 1979: Ecotypic differentiation in Carex aquatilis on ice-wedge polygons in the Alaskan coastal tundra. Journal of Ecology, 67: 1025–1046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuiver, M., 1978: Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes. Science, 199: 253–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webber, P. J., 1978: Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its productivity, Barrow, Alaska. In Tieszen, L. L. (ed.), Vegetation and Production Ecology of an Alaskan Arctic Tundra. New York: Springer-Verlag, 37–112.
   Google Scholar
• Woodwell, G. M., 1978: The carbon dioxide question. Scientific American, 238: 34–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar