Frost Mounds Formed by Degradation at Slope Mountain, Alaska, U.S.A.

REFERENCES CITED

• Brown, J., Nelson, F., Brockett, B., Outcalt, S. I., and Everett, K. R., 1983: Observations on ice-cored mounds at Sukapuk Mountain, South Central Brooks Range, Alaska. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, July 17–22, 1983. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press, 91–96.
   Google Scholar
• Gow, A. J., 1968: Electrolytic conductivity of snow and glacier ice from Antarctica and Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73: 3643–3649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gow, A. J. and Langston, D., 1977: Growth History of Lake Ice in Relation to Its Stratigraphic, Crystalline and Mechanical Structure. U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 77–1. 24 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, S. A., French, H. M., Heginbottom, J. A., Johnston, G. H., Ladanyi, B., Sego, D. C., and van Everdingen, R. O., 1987: Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground Ice Forms. National Research Council of Canada, Associate Committee on Geotechnical Research, Permafrost Subcommittee. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. (In press.)
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, R. K., 1982: Climate of Remote Areas in North-Central Alaska: 1975–1979 Summary. U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 82–35. 114 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hinkel, K. M., Nelson, F. E., and Outcalt, S. I., 1987: Frost mounds at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Physical Geography, 8: 143–159.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, B. D. and Groenevelt, P.H., 1983: The redistribution of solutes in freezing soil: Exclusion of solutes. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, July 17–22, 1983. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press, 584–588.
   Google Scholar
• Kershaw, G. P. and Gill, D., 1979: Growth and decay of palsas and peat plateaus in the Macmillan Pass-Tsichu River area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16: 1362–1374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketcham, W. M. and Hobbs, P. V., 1967: The preferred orientation in the growth of ice from the melt. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1: 263–270.
   Google Scholar
• Kvajic, G., Brajovic, V., and Pounder, E. R., 1969: Rejection of impurities by growing ice from a melt. In Riehl, N., Bullemer, N., and Engelhardt, H. (eds.), Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Physics of Ice. New York: Plenum Press, 120–131.
   Google Scholar
• Michel, F. A., 1986: Isotope geochemistry of frost-blister ice, North Fork Pass, Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23: 543–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muguruma, J. and Kikuchi, K., 1963: Lake ice investigation at Peters Lake, Alaska. Journal of Glaciology, 4(36): 689–708.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, S. W., 1945: Permafrost or permanently frozen ground and related engineering problems. U.S. Army, Office, Chief of Engineers, Military Intelligence Division, Special Report, Strategic Engineering Study 62. 231 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, D., 1983: Personal communication. Herbarium, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. and Outcalt, S. I., 1982: Anthropogenic geomorphology in northern Alaska. Physical Geography, 3: 17–48.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E., Outcalt, S. I., Goodwin, C. W., and Hinkel, K. M., 1985: Diurnal thermal regime in a peat-covered palsa, Toolik Lake, Alaska. Arctic, 38: 310–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outcalt, S. I. and Nelson, F., 1984a: Computer simulation of buoyancy and snow-cover effects in palsa dynamics. Arctic and Alpine Research, 16: 259–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outcalt, S. I. and Nelson, F., 1984b: Growth mechanisms in aggradation palsas. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 20: 65–78.
   Google Scholar
• Outcalt, S. I., Nelson, F. E., Hinkel, K. M., and Martin, G. D., 1986: Hydrostatic system palsas at Toolik Lake, Alaska: Field observations and simulation. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 11(1): 79–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard, W. H. and French, H. M., 1983: Seasonal frost mound occurrence, North Fork Pass, Ogilvie Mountains, northern Yukon, Canada. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Permafrost, July 17–22, 1983. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press, 1000–1004.
   Google Scholar
• Pollard, W. H. and French, H. M., 1984: The groundwater hydraulics of seasonal frost mounds, North Fork Pass, Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 21: 1073–1081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppällä, M., 1972: The term “palsa.” Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 16: 463.
   Google Scholar
• van Everdingen, R. O., 1978: Frost mounds at Bear Rock, near Fort Norman, Northwest Territories, 1975–1976. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15: 263–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Everdingen, R. O., 1982: Frost blisters of the Bear Rock Spring area near Fort Norman, N.W.T. Arctic, 35: 243–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washburn, A. L., 1983: What is a palsa? In Poser, H. (ed.), Mesoformen des heutigen Periglazialraumes. Proceedings, Göttingen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 34–47.
   Google Scholar
• Zoltai, S. C., 1972: Palsas and peat plateaus in central Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2: 291–302.
   Google Scholar