Foraging Ecology of Livestock on the Tibetan Changtang: A Comparison of Three Adjacent Grazing Areas

REFERENCES CITED

• Bonnemaire, J., 1976: Le yak domestique et son hybridation. Ethnozootechnie, 15: 46–75.
   Google Scholar
• Cacoullos, T., 1965: A relation between the t and F distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60: 528–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon, M. J. and Cannon, J. F. M., 1984: A revision of the family Morinaceae (Magnoliophyta-Dipsicales). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series Vol. 12, No. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Cincotta, R. P., 1989: A pocket computer program for collecting forage selection frequency data in the field. Journal of Range Management, 42: 440–442.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, G. E., 1987: China's Reforms in Tibet, and Their Effects on Pastoralism. Institute of Development Studies, Discussion paper no. 237, University of Sussex, Brighton. 60 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Coppock, D. L., Ellis, J. E., and Swift, D. M., 1986a: Livestock feeding ecology and resource utilization in a nomadic pastoral ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology, 23: 573–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppock, D. L., Ellis, J. E., and Swift, D. M., 1986b: Seasonal nutritional characteristics of livestock diets in a nomadic pastoral ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology, 23: 585–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughenour, M. B., Ellis, J. E., Swift, D. M., Coppock, D. L., Galvin, K., McCabe, J. T., and Hart, T. C., 1985: Energy extraction and use in a nomadic pastoral ecosystem. Science, 230: 619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demment, M. W. and Van Soest, P. J., 1985: A nutritional explanation for body-size patterns of ruminant and non-ruminant herbivores. The American Naturalist, 125: 640–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dor, R., 1976: The yak in the Pamir. Ethnozootechnie, 15: 126–132.
   Google Scholar
• Dyson-Hudson, R. and Dyson-Hudson, N., 1969: Subsistence herding in Uganda. Scientific American, 220: 76–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekvall, R. B., 1968: Fields on the Hoof: Nexus of Tibetan Nomadic Pastoralism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 100 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, J. E. and Swift, D. M., 1988: Stability of African pastoral ecosystems: Alternate paradigms and implications for development. Journal of Range Management, 41: 450–459.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, H., 1974: Yak and Chauri. Wild Animal Review, 9: 8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Geelan, P. J. M. and Twitchet, D. C., 1974: Times Atlas of China. New York: New York Book Co. 144 + 27 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein, M. C. and Beall, C. M., 1989: The impact of China's reform policy on the nomads of western Tibet. Asian Survey, 29: 619–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, M. C., Beall, C. M., and Cincotta, R. P., 1990: Traditional nomadic pastoralism and ecological conservation on Tibet's “Northern Plateau.” National Geographic Research, 6: 139–156.
   Google Scholar
• Hanley, T. A., 1982: The nutritional basis for food selection ungulates. Journal of Range Management, 35: 146–151.
   Google Scholar
• Hanley, T. A. and Hanley, K. A., 1982: Food resource partitioning by sympatric ungulates on Great Basin rangeland. Journal of Range Management, 35: 152–158.
   Google Scholar
• Hartley, R. D., 1972: p-Coumeric and ferulic acid components of cell walls of ryegrass and their relationships with lignin and digestibility. Journal of Science in Food and Agriculture, 23: 1347–1354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilmon, J. B., 1959: Determination of herbage weight by double sampling: Weight estimate and actual weight. In USDA Forest Service, Techniques and Methods of Measuring Understory Vegetation. Tifton, Ga.: USDA Forest Service Experiment Station, 20–25.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, N. T., Baker, D. L., Ellis, J. E., and Swift, D. M., 1979: Composition and quality of elk diets during winter and summer: A preliminary analysis. In Boyce, M. S. and Hayden-Wing, L. D. (eds.), North American Elk: Ecology, Behavior and Management. Laramie, Wyo.: University of Wyoming, 47–53.
   Google Scholar
• Horn, H. S., 1966: Measurement of “overlap” in comparative ecological studies. American Naturalist, 100: 419–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, H. G., 1983: Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 323 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mani, M. S., 1978: Ecology and Phytogeography of High Altitude Plants of the Northwest Himalaya. London: Chapman and Hall. 205 pp.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council, 1982: United States-Canadian Tables of Feed Composition. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 148 pp.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council, 1975: Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals: Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. Report No. 5. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 72 pp.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council, 1981: Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals: Nutrient Requirements of Goats. Report No. 15. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 91 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Pfister, J. A., Malechek, J. C., and Balph, D. F., 1988: Foraging behaviour of goats and sheep in the Caatinga of Brazil. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25: 379–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce, W. C. and Haenisch, E. L., 1947: Quantitative Analysis. New York: Wiley. 540 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, C. L., 1967: Taxonomy of Flowering Plants. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman. 472 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt, D. J. and Gwynne, M. D., 1977: Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa. Huntington, N. Y.: Krieger. 310 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Provenza, F. D. and Balph, D. F., 1990: Applicability of five diet-selection models to various foraging challenges ruminants encounter. In Hughes, R. N. (ed.), Behavioral Mechanisms of Food Selection. NATO ASU Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol. 20. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 423–459.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, D. F., 1979: Evolution of plant chemical defense against herbivores. In Rosenthal, G. A. and Janzen, D.H. (eds.), Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites. New York: Academic Press, 4–54.
   Google Scholar
• Shahrani, M. N. M., 1979: The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 264 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Speth, J. D. and Spielmann, K. A., 1983: Energy source, protein metabolism and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2: 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squires, V. R., 1981: Livestock Management in the Arid Zone. Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press. 269 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Squires, V. R., 1982: Dietary overlap between sheep, cattle, and goats when grazing in common. Journal of Range Management, 35: 116–119.
   Google Scholar
• Tilley, J. M. A. and Terry, R. A., 1963: A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 18: 104–111.
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest, P. J., 1967: Development of a comprehensive system of feed analysis and its application to forage. Journal of Animal Science, 26: 119–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Soest, P. J., 1982: Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Corvallis, Ore.: O&B Books. 374 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest, P. J., 1967: Use of detergent analysis of fibrous feeds. IV. Determination of plant cell wall constituents. Journal of the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists, 50: 50–55.
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest, P. J., 1968: Determination of lignin and cellulose in ADF with permanganate. Journal of the Association of the Official Analytical Chemists, 51: 780–785.
   Google Scholar
• Van Soest, P. J., Wine, R. H., and Moore, L. A., 1966: Estimating of true digestibility of forages by the in vitro digestion of cell walls. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Grassland Congress, Helsinki, Finland. International Grassland Society, 438–441.
   Google Scholar
• Vavra, M. and Sneva, F., 1978: Seasonal diets of five ungulates grazing the cold desert biome. In Hyder, D. N. (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st International Rangeland Congress. Denver, Colo.: Society for Range Management, 435–437.
   Google Scholar
• Wallmo, O. C. and Neff, P. J., 1970: Direct observation of tamed deer to measure their consumption of natural forage. In USDA Forest Service, Range and Wildlife Habitat Evaluation: A Research Symposium. Fort Collins, Colo.: USDA Forest Service Misc. Pub. No. 1147. USDA Forest Service, 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Wu Chen-yih (ed.), 1987: Flora Xizangica. Beijing, PRC: Science Press. 972 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Zar, J. H., 1984: Biostatistical Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 718 pp.
   Google Scholar