Experiments on Lichen Growth II. Effects of a Seasonal Snow Cover

REFERENCES CITED

• Ahmadjian, V., 1970: Adaptations of Antarctic terrestrial plants. In Holdgate, M. W. (ed.), Antarctic Ecology. London: Academic Press, 801–811.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J. T., Davis, P. T., and Wright, C., 1976: Little Ice Age permanent snowcover in the eastern Canadian Arctic: extent mapped from Landsat-1 satellite imagery. Geografiska Annaler, 58A: 71–81.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong, R. A., 1976: The influence of the frequency of wetting and drying on the radial growth of three saxicolous lichens in the field. New Phytologist, 77: 719–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B., 1985: Arapaho Pass. Glacial geology and archeology at the crest of the Colorado Front Range. Center for Mountain Archeology, Research Report, 3: 1–197. Ward, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B., 1990a: Lichen mortality due to late-lying snow. Results of a transplant study. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22: 81–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B., 1990b: Experiments on lichen growth. I. Seasonal patterns and environmental controls. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22: 244–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B., 1990c: Winter frost injury to lichens — Colorado Front Range. The Bryologist, 93: 423–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, J. B. and Nash, T. H., III (1990): Radial growth and habitat selection by morphologically similar chemotypes of Xanthoparmelia. The Bryologist, 93: 319–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culberson, C. F., 1972: Improved conditions and new data for the identification of lichen products by a standardized thin layer chromatographic method. Journal of Chromatography, 72: 113–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culberson, C. F. and Johnson, A., 1982: Substitution of methyl tert.-butyl ether for diethyl ether in the standardized thinlayer chromatographic method for lichen products. Journal of Chromatography, 238: 483–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curl, H., Jr., Hardy, J. T., and Ellermeier, R., 1972: Spectral absorption of solar radiation in alpine snowfields. Ecology, 53: 1189–1194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund, S. A., 1985: Lichen-free zones as neoglacial indicators on western Melville Island, District of Franklin. Current Research, Part A, Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 85-1A: 709–712.
   Google Scholar
• Farrar, J. F. and Smith, D. C., 1976: Ecological physiology of the lichen Hypogymnia physodes. III. The importance of the rewetting phase. New Phytologist, 77: 115–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gannutz, T. P., 1970: Photosynthesis and respiration of plants in the Antarctic Peninsula area. Antarctic Journal of the United States, 5: 49–52.
   Google Scholar
• Haines-Young, R. H., 1983: Size variation of Rhizocarpon on moraine slopes in southern Norway. Arctic and Alpine Research, 15: 295–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haines-Young, R. H., 1985: Discussion of “Size Variation of Rhizocarpon on Moraine Slopes in Southern Norway”: A reply. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 212–216.
   Google Scholar
• Harrisson, P. M., Walton, D. W. H., and Rothery, P., 1986: The effects of temperature and moisture on dark respiration in the foliose lichen Umbilicaria antarctica. New Phytologist, 103: 443–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, J. L., 1985: Moisture availability and lichen growth: The effects of snow cover and streams on lichenometric measurements. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 417–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ives, J. D., 1962: Indications of recent extensive glacierization in north-central Baffin Island, N.W.T. Journal of Glaciology, 4(32): 197–205.
   Google Scholar
• Kappen, L., 1989: Field measurements of carbon dioxide exchange of the Antarctic lichen Usnea sphacelata in the frozen state. Antarctic Science, 1: 31–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappen, L., Meyer, M., and Bölter, M., 1990: Ecological and physiological investigations in continental Antarctic cryptogams. I. Vegetation pattern and its relation to snow cover on a hill near Casey Station, Wilkes Land. Flora, 184: 209–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kershaw, K. A., 1983: The thermal operating-environment of a lichen. Lichenologist, 15: 191–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koerner, R. M., 1980: The problem of lichen-free zones in arctic Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12: 87–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komárková, V., 1979: Alpine Vegetation of the Indian Peaks Area, Front Range, Colorado Rocky Mountains. Flora et Vegetatio Mundi, 7. Vaduz: J. Cramer. 591 pp. plus plates.
   Google Scholar
• LaChapelle, E. R., 1969: Field Guide to Snow Crystals. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 101 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lange, O. L. and Kappen, L., 1972: Photosynthesis of lichens from Antarctica. In Llano, G. A. (ed.), Antarctic Terrestrial Biology. Antarctic Research Series, 20. Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union, 83–95.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, D. C., 1977: Lichens of cold deserts. In Seaward, M. R. D. (ed.), Lichen Ecology. London: Academic Press, 183–209.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, C. W. and Locke, W. W. III, 1977: Little Ice Age snowcover extent and paleoglaciation thresholds: North-central Baffin Island, N.W.T., Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research, 9: 291–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahaney, W. C. and Spence, J. R., 1985: Discussion of “Size Variation of Rhizocarpon on Moraine Slopes in Southern Norway” by R. H. Haines-Young. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 211–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand, P. J., 1982: An index for evaluating the temperature stability of a subnivean environment. Journal of Wildlife Management, 46: 518–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand, P. J., 1984: Light extinction under a changing snowcover. In Merritt, J. F. (ed.), Winter Ecology of Small Mammals, Special Publication of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 10. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 33–37.
   Google Scholar
• Marr, J. W., 1961: Ecosystems of the East Slope of the Front Range in Colorado. University of Colorado Studies, Series in Biology, 8. 134 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, J. A., 1977: A lichenometric test of the 1750 end- moraine hypothesis: Storbreen gletschervorfeld, southern Norway. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 31: 129–136.
   Google Scholar
• Nash, T. H. III, 1988: Personal communication. Department of Botany, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287.
   Google Scholar
• Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. J., 1981: Biometry. 2nd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman. 859 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, D. W. H., 1984: The terrestrial environment. In Laws, R. M. (ed.), Antarctic Ecology. Volume 1. London: Academic Press, 1–60.
   Google Scholar
• Willard, B. E., 1979: Plant sociology of alpine tundra, Trail Ridge, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly, 74: 1–119.
   Google Scholar