967
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Influence of Climate, Time of Day and Season, and Flower Density on Insect Flower Visitation in Alpine Norway

Pages 66-71 | Published online: 03 May 2018

References Cited

  • Arroyo, M. T. K., Primack, R., and Armesto, J., 1982: Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. I: pollination mechanisms and altitudinal variation. American Journal of Botany, 69: 82–97.
  • Arroyo, M. T. K., Armesto, J. J., and Primack, R. B., 1985: Community studies in pollination ecology in the high temperate Andes of central Chile. II: Effect of temperature on visitation rates and pollination possibilities. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 149: 187–203.
  • Boyle-Makowski, R. M. D. and Philogéne, B. J. R., 1985: Pollinator activity and abiotic factors in an apple orchard. Canadian Entomologist, 117: 1509–1521.
  • Brantjes, N. B. M., 1981: Wind as a factor influencing flower-visiting by Hadena bicruris (Noctuidae) and Deilephila elpenor (Sphingidae). Ecological Entomology, 6: 361–363.
  • Corbet, S. A., Unwin, D. M., and Prys-Jones, O. E., 1979: Humidity, nectar and insect visits to flowers, with special reference to Crataegus, Tilia and Echium. Ecological Entomology 4: 9–22.
  • Eisikowitch, D., 1978: Insect visiting of two subspecies of Nigella arvensis under adverse seaside conditions. In Richards, A. J. (ed.), The Pollination of Flowers by Insects. Linnean Society Symposium Series, 6: 125–131.
  • Eisikowitch, D. and Galil, J., 1971: Effect of wind on the pollination of Pancratium maritimum L. (Amaryllidaceae) by Hawkmoths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Journal of Animal Ecology, 40: 673–678.
  • Gilbert, F. S., 1985: Diurnal activity patterns in hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Ecological Entomology, 10: 385–392.
  • Herrera, C. M., 1990: Daily patterns of pollinator activity, differential pollinating effectiveness, and floral resource availability, in a summerflowering Mediterranean shrub. Oikos, 58: 277–288.
  • Hippa, H., Koponen, S., and Osmonen, O., 1981: Diurnal activity of flower visitors to the cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.). Reports from Kevo Subarctic Research Station, 17: 55–57.
  • Hocking, B., 1968: Insect-flower associations in the high Arctic with special reference to nectar. Oikos, 19: 359–387.
  • Inouye, D. W. and Pyke, G. H., 1988: Pollination biology in the Snowy Mountains of Australia: comparisons with montane Colorado, USA. Australian Journal of Ecology, 13: 191–210.
  • Kevan, P. G., 1972: Insect pollination of high arctic flowers. Journal of Ecology, 60: 831–847.
  • Kevan, P. G., 1973: Flowers, insects, and pollination ecology in the Canadian High Arctic. Polar Record, 16: 667–674.
  • Kevan, P. G. and Baker, H. G., 1983: Insects as flower visitors and pollinators. Annual Renew of Entomology, 28:407–453.
  • Levesque, C. M. and Burger, J. F., 1982: Insects (Diptera, Hymenoptera) associated with Minuartia groenlandica (Caryophyllaceae) on Mount Washington, New Hampshire, U.S.A., and their possible role as pollinators. Arctic and Alpine Research, 14: 117–124.
  • Lundberg, H., 1980: Effects of weather on foraging-flights of bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a subalpine/alpine area. Holarctic Ecology, 3: 104–110.
  • McCall, C. and Primack, R. B., 1992: Influence of flower characteristics, weather, time of day, and season on insect visitation rates in three plant communities. American Journal of Botany, 79: 434–442.
  • Motten, A. F., 1986: Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest. Ecological Monographs, 56: 21–42.
  • Müller, H., 1881: Die Alpenblumen: ihre Betruchung durch Insekten und ihre Anpassungen an dieselben. Leipzig, W. Engelmann.
  • Pont, A. C., 1993: Observations on anthophilous Muscidae and other Diptera (Insecta) in Abisko National Park, Sweden. Journal of Natural History, 27: 631–643.
  • Primack, R. B., 1983: Insect pollination in the New Zealand mountain flora. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 21: 317–333.
  • Rathcke, B., 1983: Competition and facilitation among plants for pollination. In Real, L. A. (ed.) Pollination Biology. New York: Academic Press, 305–329.
  • Real, L. A. and Rathcke, B. J., 1991: Individual variation in nectar production and its effect on fitness in Kalmia latifolia. Ecology 72: 149–155.
  • Stone, G. N., Amos, J. N., Stone, T. F., Knight, R. L., Gay, H., and Parrott, F., 1988: Thermal effects on activity patterns and behavioral switching in a concourse of foragers on Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Verbenaceae) in Papua New Guinea. Oecologia, 77: 56–63.
  • Thomson, J. D., 1981: Spatial and temporal components of resource assessment by flower-feeding insects. Journal of Animal Ecology, 50: 49–59.
  • Thomson, J. D., 1982: Patterns of visitation by animal pollinators. Oikos, 39: 241–250.
  • Totland, Ø., 1993: Pollination in alpine Norway: flowering phenology, insect visitors, and visitation rates in two plant communities. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71:1072–1079.
  • Willmer, P. G., 1983: Thermal constraints on activity patterns in nectar-feeding insects. Ecological Entomology, 8: 455–469.
  • Willmer, P. G. and Corbet, S. A., 1981: Temporal and microclimatic partitioning of the floral resources of Justicia aurea amongst a concourse of pollen vectors and nectar robbers. Oecologia, 51: 67–78.
  • Willmer, P. G. and Unwin, D. M., 1981: Field analyses of insect heat budgets: reflectance, size and heating rates. Oecologia, 50: 250–255.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.