194
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Spruce and Fir Regeneration and Climate in the Forest-Tundra Ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A.

&
Pages 173-183 | Published online: 03 May 2018

References Cited

  • Agee, J. K. and Smith, L., 1984: Subalpine tree reestablishment after fire in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecology, 65: 810–819.
  • Andrews, J. T., Carrera, P. E., King, F. B., and Stuckenrath, R., 1975: Holocene environmental changes in the alpine zone, northern San Juan Mountains, Colorado: evidence from bog stratigraphy and palynology. Quaternary Research, 5: 173–197.
  • Baker, W. L., 1991: Livestock grazing alters succession after fire in a Colorado subalpine forest. In Nodvin, S. C. and Waldrop, T. A. (eds.), Fire and Environment: ecological and Cultural Perspectives. Proceedings of an international symposium. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report SE-69, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Ashville, North Carolina, 84–90.
  • Baker, W. L., Honaker, J. J., and Weisberg, P. J., 1995: Using aerial photography and GIS to map the forest-tundra ecotone in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, for global change research. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61: 313–320.
  • Baker, W. L., Munroe, J. A., and Hessl, A. E., In press: The effects of elk on aspen in the winter range in Rocky Mountain National Park. Ecography, 20.
  • Barry, R. G., 1973: A climatological transect on the east slope of the Front Range, Colorado. Arctic and Alpine Research, 5: 89–110.
  • Braddock, W. A. and Cole, J. C., 1990: Geologic map of Rocky Mountain National Park and vicinity, Colorado. 1:50,000. U.S.G.S. Misc. Investigations Series Map 1-1973.
  • Bradley, R. S., 1976: Secular changes of precipitation in the Rocky Mountain states. Monthly Weather Review, 104: 513–523.
  • Braun, C. E., Stevens, D. R., Giesen, K. M., and Melcher, C. P., 1991: Elk, white-tailed ptarmigan and willow relationships: a management dilemma in Rocky Mountain National Park. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 56: 74–85.
  • Brink, V. C., 1959: A directional change in the subalpine forest-heath ecotone in Garibaldi Park, British Columbia. Ecology, 40: 10–16.
  • Clagg, H. B., 1975: Fire Ecology in High–Elevation Forests in Colorado. M.S. thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 137 pp.
  • Cui, M. and Smith, W. K., 1991: Photosynthesis, water relations and mortality in Abies lasiocarpa seedlings during natural establishment. Tree Physiology, 8: 37–46.
  • Daly, C. and Shankman, D., 1985: Seedling establishment by conifers above tree limit on Niwot Ridge, Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 17: 389–400.
  • Daubenmire, R., 1954: Alpine timberlines in the Americas and their interpretation. Butler University Botanical Studies, 11: 119–136.
  • Doesken, N., 1996: Personal communication. Colorado State Climatologist, Department of Atmosphere, Climate Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A.
  • Dunne, T. and Leopold, L., 1978: Water in Environmental Planning. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. 818 pp.
  • Dunwiddie, R. W., 1977: Recent tree invasion of subalpine meadows in the Wind River Mountains, Wyoming. Arctic and Alpine Research, 9: 393–399.
  • Earle, C. J., 1993: Forest dynamics in a forest-tundra ecotone, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington. 65 pp.
  • Fall, P. L., 1988: Vegetation dynamics in the Southern Rocky Mountains: Late Pleistocene and Holocene timberline fluctuations. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Arizona. 303 pp.
  • Franklin, J. F., Moir, W. H., Douglas, G. W., and Wiberg, C., 1971: Invasion of subalpine meadows by trees in the Cascade Range, Washington and Oregon. Arctic and Alpine Research, 3: 215–224.
  • Fritts, H. C. and Lough, J. M., 1985: An estimate of average annual temperature variations for North America, 1602 to, 1961. Climatic Change, 7: 203–224.
  • Fritz, S. C., Engstrom, D. R., and Haskell, B. J., 1994: ‘Little Ice Age’ aridity in the North American Great Plains: a high-resolution reconstruction of salinity fluctuations from Devils Lake, North Dakota, USA. The Holocene, 4: 69–73.
  • Griggs, R.F., 1946: The timberlines of northern America and their interpretations. Ecology, 27: 275–289.
  • Grove, J. M., 1988. The Little Ice Age. London: Methuen. 498 pp.
  • Hansen-Bristow, K. J., Ives, J. D., and Wilson, J. P., 1988: Climatic variability and tree response within the forest-alpine tundra ecotone. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78: 505–519.
  • Hess, K., 1993: Rocky Times in Rocky Mountain National Park. Niwot: University Press of Colorado. 167 pp.
  • Hosmer, D. W and Lemeshow, S., 1989: Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley. 307 pp.
  • Houghton, J. T., Jenkins, G. J., and Ephraums, J. J., 1990: Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 365 pp.
  • Hustich, I., 1958: On the recent expansion of scotch pine in northern Europe. Fennia, 82: 1–25.
  • Jackson, J. E., 1991: A User's Guide to Principal Components. New York: Wiley. 569 pp.
  • Jakubos, B. and Romme, W. H., 1993: Invasion of subalpine meadows by lodgepole pine in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 25: 382–390.
  • Jones, P. D., Wigley, T. M., and Kelly, P. M., 1982: Variations in surface air temperatures: Part 1. Northern Hemisphere, 1881–1980. Monthly Weather Review, 110: 59–70.
  • Kearney, M. S., 1981: Recent seedling establishment at timberline in Jasper National Park, Alta. Canadian Journal of Botany, 60: 2283–2287.
  • Kullman, L., 1986: Late Holocene reproductional patterns of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies at the forest limit in central Sweden. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64: 1682–1690.
  • Kullman, L., 1987: Little Ice Age decline of a cold marginal Pinus sylvestris forest in the Swedish Scandes. New Phytologist, 106: 567–584.
  • Kullman, L., 1992: Climatically induced regeneration patterns of marginal populations of Pinus sylvestris in northern Sweden. Oecologia, 1: 5–10.
  • LaMarche, V. C. and Mooney, H. A., 1967: Altithermal timberline advance in Western United States. Nature, 213: 980–982.
  • Little, R. L. and Peterson, D. L., 1994: Regeneration of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) following fire: effects of climate and other factors. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24: 934–944.
  • Lloyd, A. H. and Graumlich, L., 1993: Late Holocene treeline fluctuations in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Bulletin of Ecological Society of America, Supplement, 74: 334–335.
  • Meko, D., Stockton, C. W., and Boggess, W. R., 1995: The tree-ring record of severe sustained drought. Water Resources Bulletin, 31: 789–801.
  • Peet, R., 1981: Forest Vegetation of the Colorado Front Range. Vegetatio, 45: 3–75.
  • Petersen, K. L., 1994: A warm and wet Little Climatic Optimum and a cold and dry Little Ice Age in the southern Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. Climatic Change, 26: 243–269.
  • Rochefort, R. M., Little, R. L., Woodward, A., and Peterson, D. L., 1994: Changes in sub-alpine tree distribution in western North America: a review of climatic and other causal factors. The Holocene, 4: 89–100.
  • Rochefort, R. M. and Peterson, D. L., 1996: Temporal and spatial distribution of trees in subalpine meadows of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 28: 52–59.
  • Romme, W. H. and Turner, M. G., 1991: Implications of global climate change for biogeographic patterns in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Conservation Biology, 5: 373–386.
  • Stevens, D. R., 1980: The deer and elk of Rocky Mountain National Park: a ten year study. Unpublished Report, ROMO-N-13. Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado. 163 pp.
  • Stokes, M. A. and Smiley, T. L., 1968: An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 73 pp.
  • Taylor, A. H., 1995: Forest expansion and climate change in the mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) zone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27: 207–216.
  • Tranquillini, W., 1979: Physiological Ecology of Alpine Timberline. New York: Springer-Verlag. 137 pp.
  • Vale, T. R., 1987: Vegetation change and park purposes in the high elevations of Yosemite National Park, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77: 1–18.
  • Veblen, T., 1996: Personal communication. Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, U.S.A.
  • Wardle, P. and Coleman, M. C., 1992: Evidence for rising upper limits of four native New Zealand forest trees. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 30: 303–314.
  • Weisberg, P. J., 1994: The spatial structure and tree population dynamics of the Forest-Tundra Ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. M.S. thesis, University of Wyoming. 109 pp.
  • Weisberg, P. J. and Baker, W. L., 1995a: Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25: 1326–1339.
  • Weisberg, P. J. and Baker, W. L., 1995b: Spatial variation in tree seedling and krummholz growth in the forest-tundra ecotone of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27: 116–129.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.