Estimating Active-Layer Thickness over a Large Region: Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska, U.S.A.

References Cited

• Andersland, O. B. and Ladanyi, B., 1994: An Introduction to Frozen Ground Engineering. New York: Chapman & Hall. 352 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Anisimov, O. A., 1989: Changing climate and permafrost distribution in the Soviet Arctic. Physical Geography, 10: 285–293.
   Google Scholar
• Anisimov, O. A. and Nelson, F. E., 1996: Permafrost and global warming: strategies of adaptation. In: Smith, J., Bhatti, N., Menzhulin, G., Benioff, R., Budyko, M.I., Campos, M., Fallow, B., and Rijsberman, F. (eds.), Adaptating to Climate Change: Assessment and Issues. New York: Springer-Verlag, 440–449.
   Google Scholar
• Anisimov, O. A., Shiklomanov, N. I., and Nelson, F. E., 1997: Effects of global warming on permafrost and active-layer thickness: results from transient general circulation models. Global and Planetary Change, (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach, N. A. and Walker, D. A., 1995: Preliminary Vegetation Map, Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska: a Landsat-Derived Classification. Joint Facility for Regional Ecosystem Analysis, University of Colorado, Boulder. Scale 1:500,000.
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach, N. A., Walker, D. A., and Bockheim, J. G., 1996: Landcover of the Kuparuk River Basin, Alaska. Joint Facility for Regional Ecosystem Analysis, University of Colorado, Boulder. Scale 1:500,000.
   Google Scholar
• Batten, A. R., 1977: The vascular floristics, major vegetation units, and phytogeography of the Lake Peters Area, northeastern Alaska. M.S. thesis, University of Alaska-Fairbanks. 330 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Berg, R. L., Brown, J., and Haugen, R. K., 1978: Thaw penetration and permafrost conditions associated with the Livengood to Prudhoe Bay road, Alaska. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Permafrost. Vol. 1. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, 616–621.
   Google Scholar
• Bockheim, J. G., Ping, C.-L., Moore, J. P., and Kimble, J. M., 1994: Gelisols: a new proposed order for permafrost-affected soils. In Kimble, J. M. and Ahrens, R. J. (eds.), Proceedings of the Meeting on the Classification, Correlation, and Management of Permafrost-Affected Soils—July 1993. Lincoln, Nebraska: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, 25–44.
   Google Scholar
• Bockheim, J. G., Walker, D. A., Everett, L. R., Nelson, F. E., and Shiklomanov, N. I., 1998: Soil development in moist non-acidic and acidic tundra in the Kuparuk watershed, arctic Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J., 1996: Disturbance and recovery of permafrost terrain. In Crawford, R. M. M. (ed.), Disturbance and Recovery in Arctic Lands: An Ecological Perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 167–178.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J., Taylor, A. E., Nelson, F. E., and Hinkel, K. M., 1997: The Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) program: structure and current status. Abstracts of the 27th Arctic Workshop. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, Department of Geography, 25.
   Google Scholar
• Burn, C. R., 1997: Cryostratigraphy, paleogeography, and climate change during the early Holocene warm interval, western Arctic coast, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34: 912–925.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkin, P. E., 1988: Holocene glaciation of Alaska (and adjacent Yukon Territory, Canada). Quaternary Science Reviews, 7: 159–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, L. D., 1981 : A Pleistocene sand sea on the Alaskan Arctic Coastal Plain. Science, 211: 381–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, L. D., Heginbottom, J. A., and Woo, M.-K., 1987: Arctic lowlands. In Graf, W. L. (ed.), Geomorphic Systems of North America. Centennial Special Volume 2. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of America, 583–627.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, J. M. and Calkin, P. E., 1979: Nature and distribution of glaciers, Neoglacial moraines, and rock glaciers, east-central Brooks Range, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 11: 403–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everett, K. R. and Parkinson, R. J., 1977: Soil and landform associations, Prudhoe Bay area, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 9: 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan, J. D., 1995: Sampling designs for the measurement of active-layer thickness. M.S. thesis, Rutgers University. 118 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzharris, B. B., Allison, I., Braithwaite, R. J., Brown, J., Foehn, P. M. B., Haeberli, W., Higuchi, K., Kotlyakov, V. M., Prowse, T. D., Rinaldi, C. A., Wadhams, P., Woo, M.-K., Youyu, X., and 15 others, 1996: The cryosphere: changes and their impacts. In Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., Moss, R. H., and Dokken, D. J. (eds.), Climate Change 1995: Impacts, Adaptations, and Mitigation of Climate Change–Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 241–265.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, J. D., 1976: Nonparametric Methods for Quantitative Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 463 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmanov, T. G. and Oechel, W. C., 1995: New estimates of organic matter reserves and net primary productivity of the North America tundra ecosystems. Journal of Biogeography, 22: 723–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodison, B. and Nelson, F. E., 1997: Cryosphere/climate interactions. In Savtchenko, V. (ed.), Proceedings, Meeting of Experts on Cryosphere and Climate, Cambridge, U.K. Geneva, Switzerland: World Climate Research Programme, World Meteorological Organization, (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich, L. E., 1982: The influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 19: 421–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J. T., Pilon, J., and Poitevin, J., 1988: A method to estimate active-layer thickness on the basis of correlations between terrain and climatic parameters as measured in northern Quebec. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 25: 607–616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, M. F., Hardisky, M. A., Doolittle, J. A., and Klemas, V., 1990: Relationships among depth to frozen soil, soil wetness, and vegetation type and biomass in tundra near Bethal, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 22: 275–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, D. K., 1988: Assessment of polar change using satellite technology. Reviews of Geophysics, 26: 26–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, T. D., 1986: Late Cenozoic glaciation of the Central Brooks Range. In Hamilton, T. D., Reed, K. M., and Thorson, R. M. (eds.), Glaciation in Alaska. Anchorage: Alaska Geological Society, 9–49.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, T. D., 1994: Late Cenozoic glaciation of the central Brooks Range. In Plafker, G. and Berg, H. C. (eds.), The Geology of North America. Vol. G-l. Boulder, Colo.: Geological Society of North America, 813–844.
   Google Scholar
• Hannell, F. G., 1973: The thickness of the active layer on some of Canada's arctic slopes. Geografiska Annaler, 54A: 177–184.
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, R. K., 1982: Climate of remote areas in north-central Alaska: 1975–1979 summary. CRREL Report 82–35: 110 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, R. K. and Brown, J., 1980: Coastal-inland distributions of summer air temperature and precipitation in northern Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 12: 403–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkel, K. M. and Nicholas, J. R. J., 1995: Active layer thaw rate at a boreal forest site in central Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27: 72–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinkel, K. M., Nelson, F. E., Mueller, G. R., Shiklomanov, N. I., Mueller, G. M., Miller, L. L., and Walker, D. A., 1997: Annual and interannual active layer patterns on the North Slope of Alaska (in review).
   Google Scholar
• ICOMPAS (International Committee on Permafrost-Affected Soils), 1996: Gelisols. Circular Letter No. 5. May 21, 1996. c/o J. G. Bockheim, Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1299. 30 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Jahn, A. and Walker, H. J., 1983: The active layer and climate. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband, 47: 97–108.
   Google Scholar
• Jorgenson, M. T. and Kreig, R. A., 1988: A model for mapping permafrost distribution based on landscape component maps and climatic variables. In Senneset, K. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Permafrost. Vol. 1. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Publishers, 176–182.
   Google Scholar
• Jumikis, A. R., 1977: Thermal Geotechnics. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 375 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, D. L., Hinzman, L. D., and Zarling, J. P., 1991: Thermal response of the active layer to climatic wanning in a permafrost environment. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 19: 111–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkby, M. J., 1995: A model for variations in gelifluction rates with temperature and topography: implications for global change. Geografiska Annaler, 77A: 269–278.
   Google Scholar
• Kozo, T. L., 1982: An observational study of sea breezes along the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast: Part I. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 21: 891–905.
   Google Scholar
• Kreig, R. A. and Reger, R. D., 1982: Air-Photo Analysis and Summary of Landform and Soil Properties Along the Route of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Anchorage: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Geologic Report. 66 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Leverington, D., 1995: A field survey of late-summer depths to frozen ground at two study areas near Mayo, Yukon Territory, Canada. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 6: 373–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leverington, D. W. and Duguay, C. R., 1996: Evaluation of three supervised classifiers in mapping “depth to late-summer frozen ground,” central Yukon Territory. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 22: 163–174.
   Google Scholar
• Lunardini, V. J., 1981: Heat Transfer in Cold Climates. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 731 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay, J. R., 1977: Probing for the bottom of the active layer. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 77–1A: 327–328.
   Google Scholar
• Mackay, J. R., 1995: Active layer changes (1968 to 1993) following the forest-tundra fire near Inuvik, N.W.T., Canada. Arctic and Alpine Research, 27: 323–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRoberts, E. C., 1975: Field observations of thawing in soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 12: 126–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelson, G. J., Ping, C. L., and Kimble, J. M., 1996: Carbon storage and distribution in tundra soils of Arctic Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 28: 414–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, G. R., 1996: A multiscale GIS analysis of active layer thickness and vegetation type on Alaska's North Slope. M.A. thesis, State University of New York-Albany. 132 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G., and Nemani, R. R., 1997: Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 386: 698–701.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano, Y. and Brown, J., 1972: Mathematical modeling and validation of the thermal regimes in tundra soils, Barrow, Alaska. Arctic and Alpine Research, 4: 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E., 1986: Permafrost distribution in central Canada: applications of a climate-based predictive model. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 76: 550–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E. and Outcalt, S. I., 1982: Anthropogenic geomorphology in northern Alaska. Unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E. and Spies, T. E., 1991: Influence of slope and aspect on active-layer development, northern Alaska. Abstracts of the Association of American Geographers 1991 Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Association of American Geographers, 146.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E., Lachenbruch, A. H., Woo, M.-K., Koster, E. A., Osterkamp, T. E., Gavrilova, M. K., and Cheng, G. D., 1993: Permafrost and Changing Climate. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost. Vol. II. Wushan, Guangzhou, China: South China University of Technology Press, 987–1005.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, F. E., Shiklomanov, N. I., Hinkel, K. M., and Spies, T. E., 1997: Topoclimatic influences on active-layer development in northern Alaska. Unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Oechel, W. C. and Vourlitis, G. L., 1994: The effects of climate change on land-atmosphere feedbacks in Arctic tundra regions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9: 324–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oechel, W. C., Hastings, S. J., Vourlitis, G., Jenkins, M., Riechers, G., and Grulke, N., 1993: Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystems from a net carbon sink to a source. Nature, 361: 520–523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oechel, W. C., Vourlitis, G. L., Hastings, S. J., and Bochkarev, S. A., 1995: Change in Arctic CO2 flux over two decades: effects of climate change at Barrow, Alaska. Ecological Applications, 5: 846–855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Outcalt, S. I., 1976: A numerical model of ice lensing in freezing soils. In: Proceedings of the Second Conference on Soil-Water Problems in Cold Regions, Edmonton, Alberta, September 1976. American Geophysical Union, Division of Hydrology, 63–74.
   Google Scholar
• Outcalt, S. I., Nelson, F. E., and Hinkel, K. M., 1990: The zero-curtain effect: heat and mass transfer across an isothermal region in freezing soil. Water Resources Research, 26: 1509–1516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peddle, D. R. and Franklin, S. E., 1993: Classification of permafrost active layer depth from remotely sensed and topographic evidence. Remote Sensing of Environment, 44: 67–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, L. W., 1971: Vegetation, microtopography and depth of active layer on different exposures in subarctic alpine tundra. Ecology, 52: 638–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanovsky, V. E. and Osterkamp, T. E., 1995: Interannual variations of the thermal regime of the active layer and near-surface permafrost in northern Alaska. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 6: 313–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shur, Y. L. and Slavin-Borovskiy, V. B., 1993: N-factor maps of Russian permafrost region. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Permafrost. Vol. 1. Wushan Guangzhou, China: South China University of Technology Press, 564–568.
   Google Scholar
• Spetzman, L. A., 1959: Vegetation of the Arctic Slope of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 302B: 19–58.
   Google Scholar
• Swift, L. W. J., 1976: Algorithm for solar radiation on mountain slopes. Water Resources Research, 12: 108–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrtikov, A. P., 1959: Perennially frozen ground and vegetation. Ottawa: National Research Council of Canada, Technical Translation 1163 (1964), 399–421.
   Google Scholar
• Vourlitis, G. L., Oechel, W. C., Hastings, S. J., and Jenkins, M. A., 1993: The effect of soil moisture and thaw depth on CH4 flux from wet coastal tundra ecosystems on the North Slope of Alaska. Chemosphere, 26: 329–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waelbroeck, C., 1993: Climate-soil processes in the presence of permafrost: a systems modelling approach. Ecological Modelling, 69: 185–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waelbroeck, C., Monfray, P., Oechel, W. C., Hastings, S., and Vourlitis, G., 1997: The impact of permafrost thawing on the carbon dynamics of tundra. Geophysical Research Letters, 24: 229–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahrhaftig, C., 1965: Physiographic Divisions of Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 482. 52 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A. and Bockheim, J. G., 1995: Site selection for the portable flux towers. ARCSS/LAII/Flux Study, 13–16 June 1995. Summary of Field Activities. LAII Science Management Office, University of Alaska, Fairbanks.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A. and Everett, K. R., 1991: Loess ecosystems of northern Alaska: regional gradient and toposequence at Prudhoe Bay. Ecological Monographs, 61: 437–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A., Everett, K. R., Webber, P. J., and Brown, J., 1980: Geobotanical Atlas of the Prudhoe Bay Region, Alaska. Hanover, New Hampshire: U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. 69 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, D. A., Chapin, F. S., III, Auerbach, N. A., Bockheim, J. G., Eugster, W., King, J. Y., McFadden, J. J., Michaelson, G. J., Nelson, F. E., Ping, C.-L., Reeburgh, W. S., Regli, S., and Shiklomanov, N. I., 1997: Landscape age and substrate pH: controls of arctic ecosystem processes (in review).
   Google Scholar
• Walker, M. D., Walker, D. A., and Auerbach, N. A., 1994: Plant communities of a tussock tundra landscape in the Brooks Range foothills, Alaska. Journal of Vegetation Science, 5: 843–866.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washburn, A. L., 1980: Geocryology: a Survey of Periglacial Processes and Environments. New York: Halsted Press. 406 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Weiler, G., Chapin, F. S. III, Everett, K. R., Hobbie, J. E., Kane, D., Oechel, W. C., Ping, C.-L., Reeburgh, W. S., Walker, D., and Walsh, J., 1995: The Arctic Flux Study: a regional view of trace gas release. Journal of Biogeography, 22: 365–374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, P. J., 1995: Permafrost and climate change: geotechnical implications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 352A: 347–358.
   Google Scholar
• Willmott, C. J., 1981: On the validation of models. Physical Geography, 2: 184–194.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, T., Osterkamp, T. E., and Stamnes, K., 1996: Some characteristics of the climate in northern Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research, 28: 509–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar