527
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Methods, Models, and GIS

The Context and Impact of HIV and AIDS in Chiang Rai, Thailand: A Study of Youth and Young Adults

&
Pages 30-56 | Received 01 Apr 2008, Accepted 01 Jan 2009, Published online: 14 Dec 2009

References

  • Ainsworth , M. , Byerer , C. and Soucat , A. 2003 . AIDS and public policy: The lessons and challenges of “success” in Thailand . Health Policy , 64 : 13 – 37 .
  • Allen , D. R. , Carey , J. W. , Manopaiboon , C. , Jenkins , R. A. , Uthaivoravit , W. , Kilmarx , P. H. and van Griensven , F. 2003 . Sexual health risks among young Thai women: Implications for HIV/STD prevention and contraception . AIDS and Behavior , 7 ( 1 ) : 9 – 21 .
  • Anselin , L. 1988 . Spatial econometrics: Methods and models , Dordrecht, , The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic .
  • Anselin , L. 2005 . Exploring spatial data with Geoda: A workbook , Urbana-Champaign : Spatial Analysis Laboratory and Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science, Department of Geography, University of Illinois .
  • Anselin , L. and Rey , S. 1991 . Properties of tests for spatial dependence in linear regression models . Geographical Analysis , 23 : 112 – 31 .
  • Antle , B. , Wells , L. , Goldie , R. , DeMatteo , D. and King , S. 2001 . Challenges of parenting for families living with HIV/AIDS . Social Work , 46 ( 2 ) : 159 – 69 .
  • Ayres , J. , Paiva , V. , Franca , I. , Gravato , N. , Lacerda , R. , Della Negra , M. Marques , H. H. D. 2006 . Vulnerability, human rights, and comprehensive health care needs of young people living with HIV/AIDS . American Journal of Public Health , 96 ( 6 ) : 1001 – 6 .
  • Baller , R. D. , Anselin , L. , Messer , S. F. , Deane , G. and Hawkins , D. F. 2001 . Structural covariates of U.S. county homicide rates: Incorporating spatial effects . Criminology , 39 ( 3 ) : 561 – 90 .
  • Booysen , F. L. R. and Arntz , T. 2003 . The methodology of HIV/AIDS impact studies: A review of current policies . Social Science and Medicine , 56 : 2391 – 405 .
  • Cash , K. , Sanguansermsri , J. , Busayawong , W. and Chauamanochan , P. 1997 . “ AIDS prevention through peer education for northern Thai single migratory factory workers ” . In Women and AIDS program research report in brief , Washington, DC : International Center for Research on Women . Women and AIDS Research Program, Phase II. Research Report Series, No. 5
  • Celentano , D. D. , Akarasewi , P. , Sussman , L. , Suprasert , S. , Matanasarawoot , A. , Wright , N. H. , Theetranont , C. and Nelson , K. E. 1994 . HIV-1 Infection among lower-class commercial sex workers in Chiang-Mai, Thailand . AIDS , 8 ( 4 ) : 533 – 37 .
  • Celentano , D. D. , Hodge , M. J. , Razak , M. H. , Beyrer , C. , Kawichai , S. , Cegielski , J. P. , Nelson , K. E. and Jittiwutikarn , J. 1999 . HIV-1 incidence among opiate users in northern Thailand . American Journal of Epidemiology , 149 ( 6 ) : 558 – 64 .
  • Celentano , D. D. , Nelson , K. E. , Lyles , C. M. , Beyrer , C. , Eiumtrakul , S. , Go , V. F. L. , Kuntolbutra , S. and Khamboonruang , C. 1998 . Decreasing incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men: Evidence for success of the HIV/AIDS control and prevention program . Aids , 12 ( 5 ) : F29 – F36 .
  • Celentano , D. D. , Nelson , K. E. , Suprasert , S. , Eiumtrakul , S. , Kuntolbutra , S. , Beyrer , C. , Zenilman , J. , Wright , N. H. and Theetranont , C. 1996 . Epidemiologic risk factors for incident sexually transmitted diseases in young Thai men . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 23 ( 3 ) : 198 – 205 .
  • Chiou , P. Y. 2004 . A program of symptom management for improving self-care for patients with HIV/AIDS . Patient Care and STDs , 18 : 538
  • Community Development Information Center . 2003 . Report of Thai rural village 2003 , Bangkok, , Thailand : Community Development Department, Ministry of the Interior .
  • Craddock , S. 2000 . Disease, social identity, and risk: Rethinking the geography of AIDS . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 25 ( 2 ) : 153 – 68 .
  • Creswell , J. W. 2003 . Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Datye , V. , Kielmann , K. , Sheikh , K. , Deshmukh , D. , Deshpande , S. , Porter , J. and Rangan , S. 2006 . Private practitioners' communications with patients around HIV testing in Pune, India . Health Policy and Planning , 21 ( 5 ) : 343 – 52 .
  • Del Casino , V. J. 2001 . Healthier geographies: Mediating the gaps between the needs of people living with HIV and AIDS and health care in Chiang Mai, Thailand . The Professional Geographer , 53 ( 3 ) : 407 – 21 .
  • Del Casino , V. J. 2004 . (Re)placing health and health care: Mapping the competing discourses and practices of “traditional” and “modern” Thai medicine . Health & Place , 10 ( 1 ) : 59 – 73 .
  • DeMatteo , D. , Wells , L. M. , Goldie , R. S. and King , S. M. 2002 . The “family” context of HIV: A need for comprehensive health and social policies . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 14 ( 2 ) : 261 – 78 .
  • Derlega , V. J. and Barbee , A. P. 1998 . HIV and social interaction , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
  • Derlega , V. J. , Winstead , B. A. , Greene , K. , Serovich , J. and Elwood , W. N. 2004 . Reasons of HIV disclosure/nondisclosure in close relationships: Testing a model of HIV-disclosure decision making . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 23 ( 6 ) : 747 – 67 .
  • Dunning , H. , Williams , A. , Abonyi , S. and Crooks , V. 2008 . A mixed method approach to quality of life research: A case study approach . Social Indicators Research , 85 ( 1 ) : 145 – 58 .
  • Dutt , A. K. , Monroe , C. B. , Dutta , H. M. and Prince , B. 1987 . Geographical patterns of AIDS in the United States . Geographical Review , 77 ( 4 ) : 456 – 71 .
  • Fife , D. and Mode , C. 1992 . AIDS incidence and income . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 5 ( 11 ) : 1105 – 10 .
  • Ford , N. J. and Kittisuksathit , S. 1994 . Destinations unknown—The gender construction and changing nature of the sexual expressions of Thai youth . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 6 ( 5 ) : 517 – 31 .
  • Fordham , G. 1995 . Whisky, women and song: Men, alcohol and AIDS in northern Thailand . The Australian Journal of Anthropology , 6 ( 3 ) : 154 – 77 .
  • Friedland , J. , Renwick , R. and McColl , M. 1996 . Coping and social support as determinants of quality of life in HIV/AIDS . AIDS Care , 8 ( 1 ) : 80 – 91 .
  • Gardner , L. I. , Brundage , J. F. , Burke , D. S. , McNeil , J. G. , Visintine , R. and Miller , R. N. 1989 . Spatial diffusion of the human immunodeficiency virus: Infection epidemic in the United States, 1985–87 . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 79 ( 1 ) : 25 – 43 .
  • Golub , A. , Gorr , W. L. and Gould , P. R. 1993 . Spatial diffusion of the HIV/AIDS epidemic: Modeling implications and case study of AIDS incidence in Ohio . Geographical Analysis , 25 ( 2 ) : 85 – 100 .
  • Gould , P. 1993 . The slow plague: A geography of the AIDS pandemic , Cambridge, UK : Blackwell .
  • Greene , J. C. , Caracelli , V. J. and Graham , W. F. 1989 . Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 11 : 255 – 74 .
  • Guzman , A. 2001 . Reducing social vulnerability to HIV/AIDS: Models of care and their impact in resource-poor settings . AIDS Care , 13 ( 5 ) : 663 – 75 .
  • Hanenberg , R. and Rojanapithayakorn , W. 1998 . Changes in prostitution and the AIDS epidemic in Thailand . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 10 ( 1 ) : 69 – 79 .
  • Hanenberg , R. S. , Rojanapithayakorn , W. , Kunasol , P. and Sokal , D. C. 1994 . Impact of Thailand HIV-control program as indicated by the decline of sexually-transmitted diseases . Lancet , 344 ( 8917 ) : 243 – 45 .
  • Havanon , N. , Bennett , A. and Knodel , J. 1993 . Sexual networking in provincial Thailand . Studies in Family Planning , 24 : 1 – 17 .
  • Herek , G. M. 2002 . Thinking about AIDS and stigma: A psychologist's perspective . Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics , 30 : 594 – 607 .
  • Hu , D. , Frey , R. , Costa , S. , Massey , J. , Ryan , J. , Fleming , P. , D'Errico , S. , Ward , J. and Buehler , J. 1994 . Geographic AIDS rates and sociodemographic variables in the Newark, New Jersey, metropolitan area . AIDS Public Policy Journal , 9 : 20 – 25 .
  • Im-em , W. 1999 . “ Changing partner relations in the era of AIDS in upper-north Thailand ” . In Resistances to behavioural change to reduce HIV/AIDS infection in predominantly heterosexual epidemics in third world countries , Edited by: Caldwell , J. C. , Caldwell , P. , Anarfi , J. , Awusabo-Asare , K. , Ntozi , J. , Orubuloye , I. O. , Marck , J. , Cosford , W. , Colombo , R. and Hollings , E. 157 – 70 . Canberra, , Australia : Australian National University, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Health Transition Centre .
  • Islam , M. M. and Conigrave , K. M. 2008 . HIV and sexual risk behaviors among recognized high-risk groups in Bangladesh: Need for a comprehensive prevention program . International Journal of Infectious Diseases , 12 ( 4 ) : 363 – 70 .
  • Jenkins , R. A. , Manopaiboon , C. , Samuel , A. P. , Jeeyapant , S. , Carey , J. W. , Kilmarx , P. H. , Uthaivoravit , W. and van Griensven , F. 2002 . Condom use among vocational school students in Chiang Rai, Thailand . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 ( 3 ) : 228 – 45 .
  • Jirapaet , V. 2001 . Factors affecting maternal role attainment among low-income, Thai, HIV-positive mothers . Journal of Transcultural Nursing , 12 ( 1 ) : 25 – 33 .
  • Johnson , R. B. and Christensen , L. B. 2004 . Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches , Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
  • Johnson , R. B. and Onwuegbuzie , A. J. 2004 . Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come . Educational Researcher , 33 ( 7 ) : 14 – 26 .
  • Jones , H. and Pardthaisong , L. 2000 . Demographic interactions and developmental implications in the era of AIDS: Findings from northern Thailand . Applied Geography , 20 : 255 – 75 .
  • Kaleeba , N. , Kalibala , S. , Kaseje , M. , Ssebbanja , P. , Anderson , S. , van Praag , E. , Tembo , G. and Katabira , E. 1997 . Participatory evaluation of counseling, medical and social services on the AIDS support organization (TASO) . AIDS Care , 9 : 13 – 26 .
  • Kalichman , S. C. 1995 . Understanding AIDS: A guide for mental health professionals , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Kalichman , S. C. 2000 . “ Couples with HIV/AIDS ” . In The psychology of couples and illness: Theory, research, and practice , Edited by: Schmaling , K. B. and Goldman Sher , T. 171 – 90 . Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Kearns , R. A. 1995 . Medical geography: Making space for difference . Progress in Human Geography , 19 ( 2 ) : 251 – 59 .
  • Keogh , P. , Allen , S. , Almedal , C. and Temahagili , B. 1994 . The social impact of HIV infection on women in Kigali, Rwanda: A prospective study . Social Science & Medicine , 38 : 1047 – 53 .
  • Kespichayawattana , J. and VanLandingham , M. 2003 . Effects of coresidence and caregiving on health of Thai parents of adult children with AIDS . Clinical Scholarship , 35 ( 3 ) : 217 – 24 .
  • Kilmarx , P. H. , Limpakarnjanarat , K. , StLouis , M. E. , Supawitkul , S. , Korattana , S. and Mastro , T. D. 1997 . Medication use by female sex workers for treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, Chiang Rai, Thailand . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 24 ( 10 ) : 593 – 98 .
  • Kilmarx , P. H. , Supawitkul , S. , Wankrairoj , M. , Uthaivoravit , W. , Limpakarnjanarat , K. , Saisorn , S. and Mastro , T. D. 2000 . Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: The epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988–99 . AIDS , 14 ( 17 ) : 2731 – 40 .
  • Kitajima , T. , Kobayashi , Y. , Chaipah , W. , Sato , H. , Toyokawa , S. , Chadbunchachai , W. and Thuennadee , R. 2005 . Access to antiretroviral therapy among HIV/AIDS patients in Khon Kaen Provinces, Thailand . AIDS Care , 17 ( 3 ) : 359 – 66 .
  • Kitsiripornchai , S. , Markowitz , L. E. , Ungchusak , K. , Jenkins , R. A. , Leucha , W. , Limpitaks , T. and Sangkharomya , S. 1998 . Sexual behavior of young men in Thailand: Regional differences and evidence of behavior change . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology , 18 ( 3 ) : 282 – 88 .
  • Klunklin , A. and Greenwood , J. 2005 . “Hanging in” with HIV/AIDS in the rural north of Thailand: A grounded theory study . Janac: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 16 ( 6 ) : 24 – 32 .
  • Knodel , J. and Im-em , W. 2004 . The economic consequences for parents of losing an adult child to AIDS: Evidence from Thailand . Social Science & Medicine , 59 : 987 – 1001 .
  • Knodel , J. , VanLandingham , M. , Saengtienchai , C. and Im-em , W. 2001 . Older people and AIDS: Quantitative evidence of the impact in Thailand . Social Science & Medicine , 52 ( 9 ) : 1313 – 27 .
  • Kwan , M. 2004 . Beyond difference: From canonical geography to hybrid geographies . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 94 ( 4 ) : 756 – 63 .
  • Lam , N. S. N. , Fan , M. and Liu , K. B. 1996 . Spatial-temporal spread of the AIDS epidemic, 1982–1990: A correlogram analysis of four regions of the United States . Geographical Analysis , 28 ( 2 ) : 93 – 107 .
  • Limpakarnjanarat , K. , Mastro , T. D. , Saisorn , S. , Uthaivoravit , W. , Kaewkungwal , J. , Korattana , S. Young , N. L. 1999 . HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in a cohort of female sex workers in Chiang Rai, Thailand . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 75 ( 1 ) : 30 – 35 .
  • Liu , A. , Kilmarx , P. , Jenkins , R. A. , Manopaiboon , C. , Mock , P. A. , Jeeyapunt , S. , Uthaivoravit , W. and van Griensven , F. 2006 . Sexual initiation, substance use, and sexual behavior and knowledge among vocational students in northern Thailand . International Family Planning Perspectives , 32 ( 3 ) : 126 – 35 .
  • Loytonen , M. 1991 . The spatial diffusion of human-immunodeficiency-virus type-1 in Finland, 1982–1997 . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 81 ( 1 ) : 127 – 51 .
  • Manopaiboon , C. , Kilmarx , P. H. , Limpakarnjanarat , K. , Jenkins , R. A. , Chaikummao , S. , Supawitkul , S. and van Griensven , F. 2003 . Sexual coercion among adolescents in northern Thailand: Prevalence and associated factors . Southeast Journal of Tropical Medicine Public Health , 34 ( 2 ) : 447 – 57 .
  • Mason , C. J. , Kitsiripornchai , S. , Markowitz , L. E. , Chanbancherd , P. , Supapongse , T. , Jugsudee , A. Sirisopana , N. 1998 . Nationwide surveillance of HIV-1 prevalence and subtype in young Thai men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology , 19 ( 2 ) : 165 – 73 .
  • Maticka-Tyndale , E. , Elkins , D. , Haswell-Elkins , M. , Rujkarakorn , D. , Kuyyakanond , T. and Stam , K. 1997 . Contexts and patterns of men's commercial sexual partnerships in northeastern Thailand: Implications for AIDS prevention . Social Science and Medicine , 44 ( 2 ) : 199 – 213 .
  • McKendrick , J. H. 1999 . Multi-method research: An introduction to its application in population geography . The Professional Geographer , 52 ( 1 ) : 40 – 50 .
  • Morris , M. , Podhisita , C. , Wawer , M. J. and Handcock , M. S. 1996 . Bridge populations in the spread of HIV/AIDS in Thailand . AIDS , 10 ( 11 ) : 1265 – 71 .
  • Morrison , L. 2004 . Traditions in transition: Young people's risk for HIV in Chiang Mai, Thailand . Qualitative Health Research , 14 ( 3 ) : 328 – 44 .
  • Morrison , L. 2006 . “It's in the nature of men”: Women's perception of risk for HIV/AIDS in Chiang Mai, Thailand . Culture Health & Sexuality , 8 ( 2 ) : 145 – 59 .
  • Muecke , M. A. 1992 . Mother sold food, daughter sells her body: The cultural continuity of prostitution . Social Science & Medicine , 35 : 891 – 901 .
  • Mwakalogo , A. B. S. 2007 . Implications of HIV/AIDS for rural livelihoods in Tanzania: The example of Rungwe District . African Studies Review , 50 ( 3 ) : 51 – 73 .
  • Ncama , B. P. 2007 . Acceptance and disclosure of HIV status through an integrated community/home-based care program in South Africa . International Nursing Review , 54 ( 4 ) : 391 – 97 .
  • Nelson , K. E. , Celantano , D. D. , Eiumtrakul , S. , Hoover , D. R. , Beyrer , C. , Suprasert , S. , Kuntolbutra , S. and Khamboonruang , C. 1996 . Changes in sexual behavior and a decline in HIV infection among young men in Thailand . New England Journal of Medicine , 335 : 297 – 303 .
  • Nelson , K. E. , Celentano , D. D. , Suprasert , S. , Wright , N. , Eiumtrakul , S. , Tulvatana , S. Matanasarawoot , A. 1993 . Risk factors for HIV infection among young adult men in northern Thailand . Journal of the American Medical Association , 270 ( 8 ) : 955 – 60 .
  • Nokes , K. M. and Nwakeze , P. C. 2005 . Assessing self-management information needs of persons living with HIV/AIDS . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 19 ( 9 ) : 607 – 13 .
  • Nopkesorn , T. , Mastro , T. , Sangkharomya , S. , Sweat , M. , Singharaj , P. , Limpakarnjanarat , K. , Gayle , H. and Weniger , B. 1993 . HIV-1 infection in young men in northern Thailand . AIDS , 7 ( 9 ) : 1233 – 39 .
  • Ole-King'ori , N. , Klepp , K. I. , Kissila , P. A. , Biswalo , P. M. and Mnyika , K. S. 1994 . Demographic and AIDS-related characteristics of consenters to a population-based HIV survey: Results from a pilot study in Arusha, Tanzania . East African Medical Journal , 71 ( 8 ) : 483 – 89 .
  • Onwuegbuzie , A. J. and Leech , N. L. Enhancing the interpretation of significant findings: The role of mixed methods research . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Educational Research Association . Clearwater, FL.
  • Pappaioanou , M. , Buehler , J. , Gwinn , M. , Karon , J. , Wright , A. and Novello , A. Relationship between cumulative incidence of AIDS and prevalence of HIV in women of reproductive age in the United States . Paper presented at the International Conference on AIDS, CDC . Atlanta, GA.
  • Paxton , S. , Gonzales , G. , Uppakaew , K. , Abraham , K. K. , Okta , S. , Green , C. Nair , K. S. 2005 . AIDS-related discrimination in Asia . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 17 ( 4 ) : 413 – 24 .
  • Perngmark , P. , Celentano , D. D. and Kawichai , S. 2003 . Needle sharing among southern Thai drug injectors . Addiction , 98 : 1153 – 61 .
  • Phongpaichit , P. 1982 . From peasant girls to Bangkok masseuses , Geneva, , Switzerland : International Labour Office .
  • Phoolcharoen , W. , Kunanusont , C. , Pitisuttithum , P. and Bhamarapravati , N. 2004 . “ HIV/AIDS in Thailand ” . In AIDS in Asia , Edited by: Lu , Y. and Essex , M. 3 – 33 . New York : Kluwer Academic/Plenum .
  • Podhisita , C. and Pattaravanich , U. 1995 . Youth in contemporary Thailand: Results from the family and youth survey , Nakorn Phathom, , Thailand : Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University .
  • Punpanich , W. , Ungchusak , K. and Detels , R. 2004 . Thailand's response to the HIV epidemic: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow . AIDS Education and Prevention , 16 ( Suppl. A ) : 119 – 36 .
  • Rajaraman , D. , Russell , S. and Heymann , J. 2006 . HIV/AIDS, income loss and economic survival in Botswana . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 18 ( 7 ) : 656 – 62 .
  • Rasamimari , A. , Dancy , B. and Smith , J. 2008 . HIV risk behaviours and situations as perceived by Thai adolescent daughters and their mothers in Bangkok, Thailand . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 20 ( 2 ) : 181 – 87 .
  • Rasamimari , A. , Dancy , B. , Talashek , M. and Park , C. G. 2007 . Predictors of sexual behaviors among Thai young adults . Janac: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 18 ( 6 ) : 13 – 21 .
  • Rosenberg , M. W. 1998 . Medical or health geography? Populations, peoples and places . International Journal of Population Geography , 4 : 211 – 26 .
  • Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Lee , M. B. , Zhou , S. , O'Hara , P. , Birnbaum , J. M. , Swendeman , D. , Wright , W. , Pennbridge , J. and Wight , R. G. 2001 . Variation in health and risk behavior among youth living with HIV . AIDS Education and Prevention , 13 ( 1 ) : 42 – 54 .
  • Ruxrungtham , K. , Brown , T. and Phanuphak , P. 2004 . HIV/AIDS in Asia . Lancet , 364 : 69 – 82 .
  • Selik , R. , Ward , J. and Buehler , J. 1994 . Demographic differences in cumulative incidence rates of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . American Journal of Epidemiology , 140 : 105 – 12 .
  • Shannon , G. , Pyle , G. and Bashur , R. L. 1991 . The geography of AIDS , New York : Guilford .
  • Shannon , G. W. and Pyle , G. F. 1989 . The origin and diffusion of AIDS: A view from medical geography . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 79 ( 1 ) : 1 – 24 .
  • Sirisopana , N. , Torugsa , K. , Mason , C. J. , Markowitz , L. E. , Jugsudee , A. , Supapongse , T. Chuenchitra , C. 1996 . Correlates of HIV-1 seropositivity among young men in Thailand . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology , 11 ( 5 ) : 492 – 98 .
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. R. and Cliff , A. D. 1990a . Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Literature, geographical origins and global patterns . Progress in Human Geography , 14 ( 2 ) : 157 – 213 .
  • Smallman-Raynor , M. R. and Cliff , A. D. 1990b . “ Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): The global spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) ” . In Spatial epidemiology, London papers in regional science #21 , Edited by: Thomas , R. W. 139 – 82 . London : Pion .
  • Surasiengsunk , S. , Kiranandana , S. , Wongboonsin , K. , Garnett , G. P. , Anderson , R. M. and van Griensven , G. J. P. 1998 . Demographic impact of the HIV epidemic in Thailand . AIDS , 12 ( 7 ) : 775 – 84 .
  • Sweat , M. D. , Nopkesorn , T. , Mastro , T. D. , Sangkharomya , S. , Macqueen , K. , Pokapanichwong , W. , Sawaengdee , Y. and Weniger , B. G. 1995 . AIDS awareness among a cohort of young Thai men—Exposure to information, level of knowledge, and perception of risk . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 7 ( 5 ) : 573 – 91 .
  • Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency . 2007 . HIV, AIDS and urban development issues in sub-Saharan Africa , Stockholm : Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency . http://web.wits.ac.za/NR/rdonlyres/EAF81477-F895-44C3-9CDA-7BC981098936/0/B68.pdf(last accessed May 20, 2008)
  • Tashakkori , A. and Teddlie , C. H. 2003 . Issues and dilemmas in teaching research methods courses in social and behavioral sciences: A U.S. perspective . International Journal of Social Research Methodology , 6 ( 1 ) : 61 – 77 .
  • Thailand Ministry of Public Health . 2008 . AIDS case report , Bangkok, , Thailand : Epidemiological Information Section, Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health .
  • Thianthai , C. 2004 . Gender and class differences in young people's sexuality and HIV/AIDS risk-taking behaviours in Thailand . Culture Health & Sexuality , 6 ( 3 ) : 189 – 203 .
  • Thomas , R. 2000 . Reconstructing the space-time structure of the HIV/AIDS epidemic for the countries of Western Europe . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 25 ( 4 ) : 445 – 63 .
  • Torugsa , K. , Anderson , S. , Thongsen , N. , Sirisopana , N. , Jugsudee , A. , Junlananto , P. , Nitayaphan , S. , Sangkharomya , S. and Brown , A. E. 2003 . HIV epidemic among young Thai men, 1991–2000 . Emerging Infectious Diseases , 9 ( 7 ) : 881 – 83 .
  • Tostes , M. A. , Chalub , M. and Botega , N. J. 2004 . The quality of life of HIV infected women is associated with psychiatric morbidity . AIDS Care , 16 : 177 – 86 .
  • Tsunekawa , K. , Moolphate , S. , Yanai , H. , Yamada , N. , Summanapan , S. and Ngamvithayapong , J. 2004 . Care for people living with HIV/AIDS: An assessment of day care centers in northern Thailand . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 18 ( 5 ) : 305 – 14 .
  • Turan , J. M. , Miller , S. , Bukusi , E. A. , Sande , J. and Cohen , C. R. 2008 . HIV/AIDS and maternity care in Kenya: How fears of stigma and discrimination affect uptake and provision of labor and delivery services . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 20 ( 8 ) : 938 – 45 .
  • UNAIDS . 2008 . 2008 report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic , Geneva, , Switzerland : UNAIDS .
  • United Nations . 2007 . World youth report 2007: Young people's transition to adulthood—Progress and challenges , New York : Department of Economic and Social Affairs .
  • United Nations Development Programme . 2004 . Thailand's response to HIV/AIDS: Progress and challenges , New York : United Nations Development Programme .
  • Van Donk , M. 2006 . “Positive” urban futures in sub-Saharan Africa: HIV/AIDS and the need for ABC (a broader conceptualization) . Environment and Urbanization , 18 ( 1 ) : 155 – 75 .
  • van Griensven , F. , Supawitkul , S. , Kilmarx , P. H. , Limpakarnjanarat , K. , Young , N. L. , Manopaiboon , C. , Mock , P. A. , Korattana , S. and Mastro , T. D. 2001 . Rapid assessment of sexual behavior, drug use, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted diseases in northern Thai youth using audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing and noninvasive specimen collection . Pediatrics , 108 ( 1 ) http://pediatrics.aapublications.org/cgi/reprint/108/1/e13?ck=nck(last accessed 5 October 2007)
  • van Griensven , F. , Thanprasertsuk , S. , Jommaroeng , R. , Mansergh , G. , Naorat , S. , Jenkins , R. A. , Ungchusak , K. , Phanuphak , P. and Tappero , J. W. 2005 . Evidence of a previously undocumented epidemic of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Bangkok, Thailand . AIDS , 19 ( 5 ) : 521 – 26 .
  • van Griensven , G. J. P. , Limanonda , B. , Chongwatana , N. , Tirasawat , P. and Coutinho , R. A. 1995 . Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and HIV-1 infection among female commercial sex workers in Thailand . AIDS Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV , 7 ( 5 ) : 557 – 65 .
  • vanLandingham , M. and Trujillo , L. 2002 . Recent changes in heterosexual attitudes, norms and behaviors among unmarried Thai men: A qualitative analysis . International Family Planning Perspectives , 28 ( 1 ) : 6 – 15 .
  • Wankrairoj , M. 1998 . Epidemiology of ten years of AIDS in Chiang Rai Province , Chiang Rai, , Thailand : Provincial Public Health Office .
  • Weiser , S. , Leiter , K. , Bangsberg , D. , Butler , L. , Percy-de Korte , F. , Hlanze , Z. , Phaladze , N. , Iacopino , V. and Heisler , M. 2007 . Food insufficiency is associated with high-risk sexual behavior among women in Botswana and Swaziland . PLoS Medicine , 4 ( 10 ) : 1589 – 98 .
  • Williams , J. S. and Rees , P. H. 1994 . A simulation of the transmission of HIV and AIDS in regional populations within the United Kingdom . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , 19 ( 3 ) : 311 – 30 .
  • Wilton , R. D. 1999 . Qualitative health research: Negotiating life with HIV AIDS . The Professional Geographer , 51 ( 2 ) : 254 – 64 .
  • Xu , F. , Kilmarx , P. , Supawitkul , S. , Yanpaisarn , S. , Limpakarnjanarat , K. , Manopaiboon , C. , Korattana , S. , Mastro , T. and St Louis , M. 2000 . HIV-1 seroprevalence, risk factors, and preventive behaviors among women in northern Thailand . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 25 ( 4 ) : 353 – 59 .
  • Yoddumnern-Attig , B. , Richter , K. , Soonthorndhada , A. , Sethaput , C. and Pramualratana , A. 1992 . Changing roles and statuses of women in Thailand: A documentary assessment , Bangkok, , Thailand : Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University .
  • Young , L. and Ansell , N. 2003 . Fluid households, complex families: The impacts of children's migration as a response to HIV/AIDS in southern Africa. The . Professional Geographer , 55 ( 4 ) : 464 – 76 .
  • Zierler , S. , Krieger , N. , Tang , Y. , Coady , W. , Siegfried , E. , DeMaria , A. and Auerbach , J. 2000 . Economic deprivation and AIDS incidence in Massachusetts . American Journal of Public Health , 90 ( 7 ) : 1064 – 73 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.