Humanizing Savanna Biogeography: Linking Human Practices with Ecological Patterns in a Frequently Burned Savanna of Southern Mali

References

• Aidley , D. J. and Lubega , M. 1979 . Variation in wing length of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta in East Africa during 1973–74 . Journal of Applied Ecology , 16 : 653 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archibald , S. , Roy , D. P. , Van Wilgen , B. W. and Scholes , R. J. 2008 . What limits fire? An examination of burnt area drivers in sub-equatorial Africa . Global Change Biology , 15 : 613 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubréville , A. 1953 . Les expériences de reconstitution de la savane boisée en Cote d'Ivoire [Experiments with the restoration of the wooded savanna in the Ivory Coast] . Bois et Forêts des Tropiques , 32 : 4 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , W. 1992 . Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape structure . Ecology , 73 : 1879 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa , P. , Stroppiana , D. , Grégoire , J.-M. and Pereira , J. 1999 . An assessment of vegetation fire in Africa 1981–1991: Burned areas, burned biomass, and atmospheric emissions. . Global Biogeochemical Cycles , 13 : 933 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , T. and Zuéli , K. B. 2000 . Environmental discourses and the Ivorian Savanna . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 90 : 67 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beerling , D. J. and Osborne , C. P. 2006 . The origin of the savanna biome . Global Change Biology , 12 : 2023 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bégué , L. 1937 . Contribution a l'étude de la végétation forestière de la Haute-Cote d'Ivoire [Contribution to the study of the forest vegetation of the High-Ivory Coast]. , Paris : Librarie Larose .
   Google Scholar
• Biddulph , J. and Kellman , M. 1998 . Fuels and fire at the savanna-gallery forest boundaries in southeastern Venezuela . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 14 : 445 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , R. , Biggs , H. C. , Dunne , T. T. , Govender , N. and Potgieter , A. L. F. 2003 . Experimental burn plot trial in the Kruger National Park: History, experimental design and suggestions for data analysis . Koedoe , 46 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Bond , W. J. 2005 . Large parts of the world are brown or black: A different view on the “Green World” hypothesis . Journal of Vegetation Science , 16 : 261 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond , W. J. , Woodward , F. I. and Midgley , G. F. 2005 . The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire . New Phytologist , 165 : 525 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botkin , D. B. 1989 . Discordant harmonies: A new ecology for the twenty-first century. , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , D. M. J. S. , Zang , Y. , Walsh , A. and Williams , R. J. 2003 . Experimental comparison of four remote sensing techniques to map tropical savanna fire-scar using Landsat-TM imagery. . International Journal of Wildland Fire , 12 : 341 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite , R. 1996 . “ Biodiversity and fire in the savanna landscape ” . In Biodiversity and savanna ecosystem processes , Edited by: Solbrig , O. , Medina , E. and Silva , J. 121 – 40 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Brockett , B. , Biggs , H. and van Wilgen , B. 2001 . A patch mosaic burning system for conservation areas in southern African savannas . International Journal of Wildland Fire , 10 : 169 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookman-Amissah , J. , Hall , J. , Swaine , M. and Attakorah , J. 1980 . A re-assessment of a fire protection experiment in north-eastern Ghana . Journal of Applied Ecology , 17 : 85 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucini , G. and Lambin , E. 2002 . Fire impacts on vegetation in Central Africa: A remote sensing-based statistical analysis . Applied Geography , 22 : 27 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez , P. S. Jr. 1989 . Radiometric calibration of Landsat Thematic Mapper multispectral images . Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing , 55 : 1285 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , N. L. 1993 . “ Fire regimes and ecosystem development ” . In Fire in the environment: The ecological, atmospheric and climatic importance of vegetation fires , Edited by: Crutzen , P. J. and Goldammer , J. G. 233 – 45 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Cisse , Y. T. 1994 . La Confrérie des Chasseurs Malinké et Bambara [The brotherhood of the Malinké and Bambara hunters]. , Paris : ARSAN .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , M. 1986 . The savannas: Biogeography and botany , London : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Devineau , J. L. , Fournier , A. and Nignan , S. 2010 . Savanna fire regimes assessment with MODIS fire data: Their relationship to land cover and plant species distribution in western Burkina Faso (West Africa). . Journal of Arid Environments , 74 ( 9 ) : 1092 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diarra , B. and Sivakumar , M. V. K. 1995 . Climat de Bamako , Bamako, Mali : Direction Nationale de la Météorologie [Climate of Bamako]. .
   Google Scholar
• Duvall , C. S. 2007 . Human settlement and baobab distribution in south-western Mali . Journal of Biogeography , 34 : 1947 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvall , C. S. 2011 . Biocomplexity from the ground up: Vegetation patterns in a West African savanna landscape . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 101 ( 3 ) : 497 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer , E. , Pinnock , S. and Gregoire , J.-M. 2000 . Global spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation fire as determined from satellite observations . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 21 : 1289 – 1302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich , D. , Lambin , E. F. and Malingreau , J.-P. 1997 . Biomass burning and broad-scale land-cover changes in western Africa . Remote Sensing of Environment , 61 : 201 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERDAS IMAGINE, Version 8.7 , Atlanta, GA : ERDAS .
   Google Scholar
• Eva , H. and Lambin , E. F. 1998 . Remote sensing of biomass burning in tropical regions: Sampling issues and multi sensor approach . Remote Sensing and Environment , 64 : 292 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairhead , J. and Leach , M. 1996 . Misreading the African landscape: Society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic. , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Forman , R. 1995 . Land mosaics. , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth , T. 2002 . Critical political ecology: The politics of environmental science. , London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Goetze , D. , Horsch , B. and Porembski , S. 2006 . Dynamics of forest-savanna mosaics in north-eastern Ivory Coast from 1954–2002. . Journal of Biogeography , 33 : 653 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govender , N. , Trollope , W. and Van Wilgen , B. 2006 . The effect of fire season, fire frequency, rainfall and management on fire intensity in savanna vegetation in South Africa . Journal of Applied Ecology , 43 : 748 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henneberg , K. , Fischer , F. , Kouadio , K. , Goetze , D. , Orthmann , B. , Linsenmair , K. , Jeltsch , F. and Porembski , S. 2006 . Phytomass and fire occurrence along forest–savanna transects in the Camoé National Park, Ivory Coast . Journal of Tropical Ecology , 22 : 303 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , S. I. , Bond , W. J. , February , E. C. , Bronn , A. , Euston-Brown , D. , Enslin , B. , Govender , N. , Rademan , L. , O'Regan , S. and Potgieter , A. 2007 . Effects of four decades of fire manipulation on woody vegetation structure in savanna . Ecology , 88 : 1119 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , S. I. , Bond , W. J. and Trollope , W. S. W. 2000 . Fire, resprouting and variability: A recipe for grass–tree coexistence in savanna . Journal of Ecology , 88 : 213 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , W. A. , Schroeder , W. and Jackson , R. B. 2002 . Positive feedbacks of fire, climate and vegetation and the conversion of tropical savanna. . Geophysical Research Letters , 29 : 2052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hough , J. L. 1993 . Why burn the bush? Social approaches to bush-fire management in West African national parks . Biological Conservation , 65 : 23 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House , J. , Archer , S. , Breshears , D. D. , Scholes , R. J. and NCEAS Tree-Grass Interaction Participants . 2003 . Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems . Journal of Biogeography , 30 : 1763 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudak , A. , Fairbanks , D. and Brockett , B. 2004 . Trends in fire patterns in a southern African savanna under alternative land use practices . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 101 : 307 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeltsch , F. , Weber , G. and Grimm , V. 2000 . Ecological buffering mechanisms in savannas: A unifying theory of long-term tree–grass coexistence . Plant Ecology , 150 : 161 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellman , M. and Meave , J. 1997 . Fire in tropical gallery forests of Belize . Journal of Biogeography , 24 : 23 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepe , T. and Scoones , I. 1999 . Creating grasslands: Social institutions and environmental change in Mkambati area, South Africa . Human Ecology , 27 : 29 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsias , N. and Karteris , M. 2000 . Burned area mapping using logistic regression modelling of a single post-fire Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 21 : 673 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laris , P. 2002 . Burning the seasonal mosaic: Preventative burning strategies in the wooded savanna of southern Mali [New lessons from an old practice: Mosaic burning in the savanna of Mali] . Human Ecology , 30 : 155 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laris , P. 2005 . Spatiotemporal problems with detecting seasonal-mosaic fire regimes with coarse-resolution satellite data in savannas . Remote Sensing of Environment , 99 : 412 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laris , P. 2006 . “ Managing a burned mosaic: A landscape-scale human ecological model of savanna fires in Mali ” . In Linking people with nature: Lessons from savannas and dry forests , Edited by: Mistry , J. and Berardi , A. 155 – 86 . Aldershot, , UK : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Laris , P. 2008 . An anthropogenic escape route from the “Gulliver syndrome” in the West African savanna . Human Ecology , 36 : 789 – 805 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laris , P. and Bakkoury , A. 2008 . Nouvelles leçons d'une vieille pratique: Mosaic du feu dans la savane du Mali [New lessons from an old practice: Mosaic burning in the savanna of Mali]. . Bois et Forêts des Tropiques , 296 : 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Laris , P. and Wardell , D. A. 2006 . Good, bad or “necessary evil?”: Reinterpreting the colonial burning experiments in the savanna landscapes of West Africa . Geographical Journal , 172 : 217 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawesson , J. E. 1994 . Some comments on the classification of African vegetation . Journal of Vegetation Science , 5 : 441 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Page , Y. , Duarte , O. , Jonsson , P. and Pereira , J. 2010 . Seasonality of vegetation fires as modified by human action: Observing the deviation from eco-climatic fire regimes. . Global Ecology and Biogeography , 19 ( 4 ) : 575 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , H. T. 1982 . “ Fire technology and resource management in Aboriginal North America and Australia ” . In Resource Managers: North American and Australian Hunter–Gatherers, AAAS Selected Symposium No. 67 , Edited by: Williams , N. M. and Hunn , E. S. 45 – 67 . Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , H. T. 1989 . Ecological and technological knowledge of fire: Aborigines versus park rangers in Northern Australia . American Anthropologist , 91 : 940 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , H. T. and Ferguson , T. A. 1988 . Yards, corridors, and mosaics: How to burn a boreal forest . Human Ecology , 16 : 57 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louppe , D. , Oattara , N. and Coulibaly , A. 1995 . The effects of brush fires on vegetation: The Aubréville fire plots after 60 years . Commonwealth Forestry Review , 74 : 288 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Mbow , C. , Nielson , T. and Rasmussen , K. 2000 . Savanna fires in east-central Senegal: Distribution patterns, resource management and perceptions . Human Ecology , 28 : 561 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menaut , J.-C. , Abbadie , L. , Lavenu , F. , Loudjani , P. and Podaire , A. 1991 . “ Biomass burning in West African savannas ” . In Global biomass burning , Edited by: Levine , J. S. 133 – 42 . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Menaut , J.-C. , Lepage , M. and Abbadie , L. 1995 . “ Savannas, woodlands, and dry forests in Africa ” . In Seasonally dry tropical forests , Edited by: Bullock , H. S. , Mooney , H. A. and Medina , E. 64 – 92 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , K. M. , Wiegand , K. , Wards , D. and Moustakas , A. 2007 . The rhythm of savanna patch dynamics . Journal of Ecology , 95 : 1306 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry , J. 2000 . World savannas ecology and human use. , Harlow, , UK : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Nasi , R. and Sabatier , M. 1988 . Projet Inventaire des ressources Ligneuses au Mali. [Inventory project of the timber resources of Mali] , Bamako, Mali : DNEF .
   Google Scholar
• Outen , E. and Bracken , L. 2009 . Interdisciplinary research: Framing and reframing . Area , 41 : 385 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr , C. L. and Andersen , A. N. 2006 . Patch mosaic burning for biodiversity conservation: A critique of the pyrodiversity paradigm . Conservation Biology , 20 : 1610 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr , C. L. and Brockett , B. H. 1999 . Patch-mosaic burning: A new paradigm for savanna fire management in protected areas? . Koedoe , 42 : 117 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , G. L. W. 2002 . Landscapes, space and equilibrium: Shifting viewpoints . Progress in Physical Geography , 26 : 339 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickett , S. T. A. and White , P. S. 1985 . The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. , New York : Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Projet Inventaire (Cartographer) . 1990 . Carte des formations végétales: Bamako-Ouest [Map of plant communities: Bamako-West] , Bamako, Mali : Ministère de l'Environement et de l'Elévage .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay , J. and Rose-Innes , R. 1963 . Some observations on the effects of fire on the Guinea savanna vegetation of Northern Ghana over a period of eleven years . African Soils , 8 : 41 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Republic du Mali . 2006 . La problématique des feux de brousse: Impact and stratégie de lutte [The problem of bush fires: The impact and strategy of the fight] , Bamako, Mali : Ministère de l'Environnement et l'Assainissement, Republique du Mali .
   Google Scholar
• Rose-Innes , R. 1971 . Fire in West African vegetation . Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference , 11 : 175 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Russell-Smith , J. , Lucas , D. , Gapindi , M. , Gunbunka , B. , Kapigiri , N. , Namingum , G. , Lucas , K. , Giuliani , P. and Chaloupka , G. 1997 . Aboriginal resource utilization and fire management practice in Western Arnhem Land, monsoonal northern Australia: Notes for prehistory, lessons for the future. . Human Ecology , 25 : 159 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell-Smith , J. , Ryan , P. G. and Durieu , R. 1997 . A Landsat MSS-derived fire history of Kakadu National Park, monsoonal northern Australia, 1980–94 . Journal of Applied Ecology , 34 : 748 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaran , M. , Hanan , N. , Scholes , R. , Ratnam , J. , Augustine , D. , Cade , B. Gignoux , J. 2005 . Determinants of woody cover in African savannas . Nature , 438 : 846 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankaran , M. , Ratnam , J. and Hanan , N. P. 2004 . Tree–grass coexistence in savannas revisited—Insights from an examination of assumptions and mechanisms invoked in existing models . Ecological Letters , 7 : 480 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholes , R. and Archer , S. 1997 . Tree–grass interactions in savannas . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 28 : 517 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Siljander , M. 2009 . Predictive fire occurrence modelling to improve burned area estimation at a regional scale: A case study in East Caprivi, Namibia . International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation , 11 : 380 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stott , P. 1991 . Recent trends in the ecology and management of the world's savanna formations . Progress in Physical Geography , 15 : 18 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaine , M. 1992 . Characteristics of dry forests in West Africa and the influence of fire . Journal of Vegetation Science , 3 : 365 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , M. D. 1998 . Long-term effects of daily grazing orbits on nutrient availability in Sahelian West Africa: 2. Effects of a phosphorus gradient on spatial patterns of annual grassland production. . Journal of Biogeography , 25 : 683 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , M. D. 2003 . Methodological reflections on the use of remote sensing and GIScience in human ecological research . Human Ecology , 31 : 255 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , M. G. 1989 . Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern on process . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 20 : 171 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , M. G. and Romme , W. H. 1994 . Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems. . Landscape Ecology , 9 : 59 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wilgen , B. , Biggs , H. and Potgieter , A. 1998 . Fire management and research in the Kruger National Park, with suggestions and the detection of thresholds of potential concern . Koedoe , 41 : 69 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wilgen , B. W. , Everson , C. S. and Trollope , W. S. W. 1990 . “ Fire management in southern Africa: Some examples of current objectives, practices and problems ” . In Fire in the tropical biota: Ecosystem processes and global challenges , Edited by: Goldammer , G. J. 179 – 209 . Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wilgen , B. W. and Scholes , R. J. 1997 . “ The vegetation and fire regimes of southern hemisphere Africa ” . In Fire in southern African savannas: Ecological and atmospheric perspectives , Edited by: van Wilgen , B. W. , Andreae , M. O. , Goldammer , J. G. and Lindesay , J. A. 27 – 46 . Johannesburg, South Africa : Witwatersrand University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Verlinden , A. and Laamanen , R. 2006 . Long term fire scar monitoring with remote sensing in northern Namibia: Relations between fire frequency, rainfall, land cover, fire management and trees . Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , 112 : 231 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , B. H. and Noy-Meir , I. 1982 . “ Aspects of the stability and resilience of savanna ecosystems ” . In Ecology of tropical savannas , Edited by: Huntley , B. J. and Walker , B. H. 556 – 90 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , H. 1971 . Ecology of tropical and subtropical vegetation. , Edinburgh, , UK : Oliver and Boyd .
   Google Scholar
• Watt , A. S. 1947 . Pattern and process in the plant community . Journal of Ecology , 35 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigand , K. , Saltz , D. and Ward , D. 2006 . A patch-dynamics approach to savanna dynamics and woody plant encroachment—Insights from an arid savanna . Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics , 7 : 229 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worster , D. 1990 . The ecology of order and chaos . Environmental History Review , 14 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Yates , C. and Russell-Smith , J. 2002 . “ An assessment of the accuracy of DOLA's northern Australia NOAA-AVHRR fire affected area ” . In Australian fire regimes: Contemporary patterns April 1998–March 2000 and changes since European settlement , Edited by: Russell-Smith , J. , Craig , R. , Gill , A. M. , Smith , R. and Williams , J. Canberra, , Australia : Department of the Environment and Heritage . Australia State Technical Paper Series Biodiversity, Appendix 2.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerer , K. S. 1994 . Human geography and the “new ecology”: The prospect and promise of integration . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 84 : 108 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar