Five Essential Properties of Disease Maps

References

• Bell , B. , Hoskins , R. , Pickle , L. and Wartenberg , D. 2006 . Current practices in spatial analysis of cancer data: Mapping health statistics to inform policymakers and the public . International Journal of Health Geographics , 5 : 49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berke , O. 2004 . Exploratory disease mapping: Kriging the spatial risk function from regional count data . International Journal of Health Geographics , 3 : 18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernardinelli , L. and Montomoli , C. 1992 . Empirical Bayes versus fully Bayesian analysis of geographical variation in disease risk . Statistics in Medicine , 11 : 983 – 1007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer , K. and Rushton , G. 2009 . Mapping cancer for community engagement . Preventing Chronic Disease , 6 : A03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscoe , F. P. , McLaughlin , C. , Schymura , M. J. and Kielb , C. L. 2003 . Visualization of the spatial scan statistic using nested circles . Health Place , 9 : 273 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscoe , F. and Pickle , L. 2003 . Choosing geographic units for choropleth rate maps, with an emphasis on public health applications . Cartography and Geographic Information Science , 30 : 237 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer , C. , MacEachren , A. , Pickle , L. and Herrmann , D. 1997 . Mapping mortality: Evaluating color schemes for choropleth maps . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 87 : 411 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , C. and Pickle , L. 2002 . Evaluation of methods for classifying epidemiological data on choropleth maps in series . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 92 : 662 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunsdon , C. 1995 . Estimating probability surfaces for geographical point data: An adaptive kernel algorithm . Computers & Geosciences , 21 : 877 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , D. , Wallin , J. and Carr , D. 2000 . Two new templates for epidemiology applications: Linked micromap plots and conditioned choropleth maps . Statistics in Medicine , 19 : 2521 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J. , Roth , R. E. , Naito , A. T. , Lengerich , E. J. and MacEachren , A. M. 2008 . Geovisual analytics to enhance spatial scan statistic interpretation: An analysis of U.S. cervical cancer mortality . International Journal of Health Geographics , 7 : 57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton , D. and Kaldor , J. 1987 . Empirical Bayes estimates of age-standardized relative risks for use in disease mapping . Biometrics , 43 : 671 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dartmouth Medical School . 2008 . Tracking the care of patients with severe chronic illness: The Dartmouth atlas of health care 2008 , Dartmouth , NH : The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , T. M. and Hazelton , M. L. 2010 . Adaptive kernel estimation of spatial relative risk . Statistics in Medicine , 29 : 2423 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggle , P. J. , Besag , J. and Gleaves , J. T. 1976 . Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns by means of distance methods . Biometrics , 32 : 659 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein , A. M. 2010 . Geographic variation in Medicare spending . New England Journal of Medicine , 363 : 85 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman , A. and Price , P. N. 1999 . All maps of parameter estimates are misleading . Statistics in Medicine , 18 : 3221 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goovaerts , P. 2006 . Geostatistical analysis of disease data: Accounting for spatial support and population density in the isopleth mapping of cancer mortality risk using area-to-point Poisson kriging . International Journal of Health Geographics , 5 : 52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gotway , C. A. and Young , L. J. 2002 . Combining incompatible spatial data . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 97 : 632 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kafadar , K. 1996 . Smoothing geographical data, particularly rates of disease . Statistics in Medicine , 15 : 2539 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ——— . 1999 . Simultaneous smoothing and adjusting mortality rates in U.S. counties: Melanoma in white females and white males . Statistics in Medicine , 18 : 3167 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger , N. , Waterman , P. , Chen , J. , Rehkopf , D. and Subramanian , S. 2004 . Geocoding and monitoring U.S. socioeconomic inequalities in health: An introduction to using area-based socioeconomic measures—The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project monograph , Cambridge , MA : Harvard School of Public Health . http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/thegeocodingproject/ (last accessed 15 December 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Kulldorff , M. and Nagarwalla , N. 1995 . Spatial disease clusters: Detection and inference . Statistics in Medicine , 14 : 799 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriakidis , P. 2004 . A geostatistical framework for area-to-point spatial interpolation . Geographical Analysis , 36 : 259 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson , A. 2001 . Statistical methods in spatial epidemiology. , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• MacEachren , A. , Brewer , C. and Pickle , L. 1998 . Visualizing georeferenced data: Representing reliability of health statistics . Environment and Planning A , 30 : 1547 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacEachren , A. and Kraak , M. 1997 . Exploratory cartographic visualization: Advancing the agenda . Computers & Geosciences , 23 : 335 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , R. and Munasinghe , R. 1993 . Aggregation of existing geographic regions to diminish spurious variability of disease rates . Statistics in Medicine , 12 : 1915 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu , L. and Wang , F. 2008 . A scale-space clustering method: Mitigating the effect of scale in the analysis of zone-based data . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 98 : 85 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungiole , M. , Pickle , L. W. and Simonson , K. H. 1999 . Application of a weighted head-banging algorithm to mortality data maps . Statistics in Medicine , 18 : 3201 – 3209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Openshaw , S. 1984 . The modifiable areal unit problem . Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography , 38 : 41
   Google Scholar
• Openshaw , S. , Charlton , M. and Craft , A. 1988 . Searching for leukaemia clusters using a geographical analysis machine . Papers of the Regional Science Association , 64 : 95 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickle , L. 2009 . A history and critique of U.S. mortality atlases . Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology , 1 : 3 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pickle , L. W. and White , A. A. 1995 . Effects of the choice of age-adjustment method on maps of death rates . Statistics in Medicine , 14 : 615 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushton , G. and Lolonis , P. 1996 . Exploratory spatial analysis of birth defect rates in an urban population . Statistics in Medicine , 15 : 717 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , X. 2009 . A geocomputational process for characterizing the spatial pattern of lung cancer incidence in New Hampshire . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 99 : 521 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , X. 2010 . Selection of bandwidth type and adjustment side in kernel density estimation over inhomogeneous backgrounds . International Journal of Geographical Information Science , 24 : 643 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , X. , Duell , E. , Demidenko , E. , Onega , T. , Wilson , B. and Hoftiezer , D. 2007 . A polygon-based locally-weighted-average method for smoothing disease rates of small units . Epidemiology , 18 : 523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot , T. O. , Kulldorff , M. , Forand , S. P. and Haley , V. B. 2000 . Evaluation of spatial filters to create smoothed maps of health data . Statistics in Medicine , 19 : 2399 – 2408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiwari , C. and Rushton , G. 2005 . “ Using spatially adaptive filters to map late stage colorectal cancer incidence in Iowa ” . In Developments in spatial data handling , Edited by: Fisher , P. 665 – 76 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• ——— . 2010 . A spatial analysis system for integrating data, methods and models on environmental risks and health outcomes . Transactions in GIS , 14 : 177 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyczynski , J. E. , Pasanen , K. , Berkel , H. J. and Pukkala , E. 2006 . Atlas of cancer incidence and mortality in Ohio , Dayton , OH : Cancer Prevention Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Waller , L. and Gotway , C. 2004 . Applied spatial statistics for public health data. , New York : Wiley-Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Walter , S. and Birnie , S. 1991 . Mapping mortality and morbidity patterns: An international comparison . International Journal of Epidemiology , 20 : 678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennberg , J. and Gittelsohn , A. 1973 . Small area variations in health care delivery . Science , 182 : 1102 – 08 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar