Climatic teleconnections with the equatorial pacific and the role of ocean/atmosphere coupling

References

• Allison , L.J. 1971 . Air‐Sea Interaction in the tropical Pacific Ocean , Report X‐651–71–191 Goddard Space Flight Center .
   Google Scholar
• Augstein , E. 1972 . Untersuchungen zur Struktur and zum Energiehaushalt der Passatgrundschicht , 19 Hamburg : Ber. Inst. Radiometeor. Marit. Meteor. .
   Google Scholar
• Baur , F. 1949 . Die doppelte Schwankung der atmosphärischen Zirkulation in der gemässigten Zone innerhalb des Sonnenfleckenzyklus . Meteor. Rundsch. , 2 : 10 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Berlage , H.P. 1966 . The Southern Oscillation and world weather . Med. Verh. Kon. Ned. Met. Inst. , 88
   Google Scholar
• Bjerknes , J. 1964 . Atlantic air‐sea interaction . Advances in Geophysics , 10 : 1 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Bjerknes , J. 1969 . Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 97 : 163 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerknes , J. 1974 . A study of Canton Island winds . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 17 : 297 – 301 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryson , R.A. 1974 . A Perspective on Climatic Change . Science , 184 : 753 – 760 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullig , H. 1954 . Atlas der Monatswerte von Wassertemperatur, Wind und Bewölkung auf dem Seeweg Europa‐Südamerika Dt. Wetterdienst, Einzelveröff. Seewetteramt Hamburg 5.
   Google Scholar
• Caviedes , C.N. 1973 . Secas and El Niño: two simultaneous climatical hazards in South America . Proc. Assoc. Amer. Geographers , 5 : 44 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Doberitz , R. , Flohn , H. and Schütte , K. 1967 . Statistical investigations of the climatic anomalies of the equatorial Pacific . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 7
   Google Scholar
• Doberitz , R. 1968 . Kohärenzanalyse von Niederschlag und Wassertemperature im tropischen Pazifischen Ozean . Ber. Dr. Wetterdienst , 112 cf. also Bonner Meteor. Abhandl., 8.
   Google Scholar
• Doberitz , R. 1969 . Cross spectrum and filter analysis of monthly rainfall and wind data in the tropical Atlantic region . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 11
   Google Scholar
• Eickermann , W. and Flohn , H. 1962 . Witterungszusammenhänge über dem äquatorialen Südatlantik . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 1
   Google Scholar
• Fleer , H. 1975 . Spektrum‐ und Kreuzspektrumanalyse von Niederschlagsreihen aus Indonesien, Australien und Westpazifik , Universität Bonn . Diploma Thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. and Hinkelmann , K. 1952 . Äquatoriale Zirkulationsanomalien und ihre klimatische Auswirkung . Ber. Dt. Wetterdienst US‐Zone , 42 : 114 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. 1964 . Investigations on the Tropical Easterly Jet . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 4
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. 1971 . Tropical Circulation Patterns . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , : 15
   Google Scholar
• 1971 . Physical and Dynamical Climatology . WMO‐Symposium Leningrad . 1971 . pp. 180 – 198 . (printed 1974),
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. 1972 . “ Investigations of equatorial upwelling and its climatic role ” . In Studies in Physical Oceanography Vol. 1 Edited by: Gordon , A.L. 93 – 102 . New York
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. 1973 . Remarks on climatic intransitivity and the 1972 Pacific anomaly . Atmosphere , 11 : 134 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. 1974 . Instabilität und anthropogene Modifikation des Klimas . Ann. Meteor. , : 25 – 31 . N.F. 9,
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. 1975 . History and intransitivity of climate , WMO‐GARP‐Publication Series 16 106 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Flohn , H. and Rodewald , M. 1975 . Beiträge zum Problem der aktuellen Klima‐Variationen . Beilage zur Berliner Wetterkarte , 89/75 : 13 S
   Google Scholar
• Kreuels , R. , Fraedrich , K. and Ruprecht , E. 1975 . An aerological climatology of South America . Meteor. Rundsch. , 28 : 17 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Kidson , J.W. 1975 . Tropical Eigenvector Analysis and the Southern Oscillation . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 103 : 187 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus , E.B. and Morrison , R.E. 1966 . Local interactions between the sea and the air at monthly and annual time‐scales . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 92 : 114 – 127 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurti , T.N. 1971 . Tropical east‐west circulation during the northern summer . J Atmos. Sci. , 28 : 1117 – 1133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger , A.F. The zonal variation of cloudiness and convection over the Tropics . Proc. Symp. Trop. Meteor. Honolulu . Hawaii. I III.
   Google Scholar
• Namias , J. 1968 . Long‐range weather forecasting ‐ history, current status and outlook . Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. , 49 : 348 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namias , J. 1972 . Influence of northern hemisphere circulation on drought in northeast Brazil . Tellus , 24 : 336 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Namias , J. Collaboration of ocean and atmosphere in weather and climate . Proc. 9th Ann. Conf. Mar. Technol. Soc. pp. 163 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Newell , R.W. 1974 . The general circulation of the tropical atmosphere and interactions with extratropical latitudes , Vol. 2 , 371 MIT‐Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ramage , C.S. 1975 . Preliminary discussion of the meteorology of the 1972–73 El Niño . Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. , 56 : 234 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowntree , P.R. 1972 . The influence of Tropical East Pacific Ocean temperatures on the atmosphere . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 98 : 290 – 321 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schönwiese , Chr. D. 1974 . Schwankungsklimatologie im Frequenz‐ und Zeitbereich , 139 S Univ. München . Diss.
   Google Scholar
• Schütte , K. 1969 . Untersuchungen zur Meteorologie und Klimatologie des El Niño‐Phänomens in Ecuador und Nordperu . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 9
   Google Scholar
• Troll , C. 1974 . Das “Backbone of Africa” und die afrikanische Hauptklimascheide . Bonner Meteor. Abhandl. , 17 : 209 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Troup , A.J. 1965 . The Southern Oscillation . Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 91 : 490 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G.T. 1924 . Correlation in seasonal variations of weather VIII; IX . Mem. India Meteor. Dept. , 24 : 75 – 131 . 275 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Webster , P.J. 1973 . Temporal variation of the low‐latitude zonal circulations . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 101 : 803 – 816 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , W.B. and Walker , A.E. 1973 . Meridional Atmospheric Teleconnections over the North Pacific from 1950 to 1972 . Mon. Wea. Rev. , 101 : 817 – 822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyrtki , K. 1965 . The average annual heat balance of the North Pacific Ocean and its relation to ocean circulation . J. Geophys. Res. , 70 : 4547 – 4560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Invited lecture, Ninth Annual CMS Congress, Vancouver, B.C., 28–30 May 1975; delivered by Prof. Flohn.
   Google Scholar