829
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Effects of trauma and the refugee experience on psychological assessment processes and interpretation

Pages 6-15 | Published online: 13 Jan 2009

References

  • American Psychiatric Association, 2004. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author; 2004, (DSM IV).
  • 1987. Anthony, E. J., and Cohler, B., ed. The invulnerable child. New York: Guilford Press; 1987.
  • Athey, J. L., and Ahearn, F. L., 1991. "The mental health of refugee children: An overview". In: Ahearn, F., and Athey, J. L., eds. Refugee children: Theory, research and services. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1991. pp. 3–19.
  • Australian Centre for Post Traumatic Mental Health, 2007. Australian guidelines for the treatment of adults with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress. Melbourne: Author; 2007.
  • Barber, B K., 2001. Political violence, social integration and youth functioning: Palestinian youth from the Intifada, Journal of Community Psychology 29 (2001), pp. 259–280.
  • Beers, S. R., and De Bellis, M. D., 2002. Neuropsychological function in children with maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry 159 (2002), pp. 483–486.
  • Beiser, M., and Hou, F., 2006. Ethnic identity, resettlement stress and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees in Canada, Social Science and Medicine 63 (2006), pp. 137–150.
  • Berhanu, G., 2007. Black intellectual genocide: An essay review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations, Education Review 10 (2007), pp. 1–28.
  • Cassidy, J., and Mohr, J. J., 2001. Unsolvable fear, trauma and psychopathoogy: Theory, research and clinical considerations related to disorganised attachment across the lifespan, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 8 (2001), pp. 275–298.
  • Cicchetti, D., and Lynch, M., 1995. "Failures in the expectable environment and their impact on individual development: The case of child maltreatment". In: Cicchetti, D., and Cohen, D. J., eds. Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Risk, disorder and adaptation. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1995. pp. 32–71.
  • Cicchetti, D., and Toth, S., 1997. Developmental perspectives on trauma: Theory, research and intervention, Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, Vol. 8. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press; 1997.
  • Cole, M., and Scribner, S., 1974. Culture and thought. New York: Wiley; 1974.
  • Colic-Peisker, V., 2006. Employment niches for recent refugee: Segmented labour market in twenty-first century Australia, Journal of Refugee Studies 19 (2006), pp. 203–229.
  • 2003. Cook, , Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., and van der Kolk, B., ed. Complex trauma in children and adolescents: National Child Traumatic Stress Network. Los Angeles: Complex Trauma Task Force; 2003.
  • Delaney-Black, V., Covington, C., Ondersma, S. J., Nordstorm-Klee, B., Templin, T., Ager, J., et al., 2002. Violence exposure, trauma and IQ and/or reading deficits among urban children, Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 156 (2002), pp. 280–285.
  • Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, 2008. Strengthening outcomes: Refugee students in government schools. 2008, Retrieved 20 October 2008, from http://www.eduweb. vic.gov.au/edulibrary/public/teachlearn/student/Strengthening Outcomes-rpt-v1.pdf.
  • Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2008. Immigration update December 2007. 2008, Retrieved 20 October 2008, from http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/immigration-update/update-dec07.pdf.
  • Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs, 2005. Australia's support for humanitarian entrants 2004–05. 2005, Retrieved 20 October 2008, from http://www.immi. gov.au/media/publications/settle/index.htm.
  • Dunmore, E., Clark, D. M., and Ehlers, A., 2001. A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder after physical or sexual assault, Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 (2001), pp. 1063–1084.
  • Elliott, J. G., 2000. The psychological assessment of children with learning difficulties, British Journal of Special Education 27 (2000), pp. 59–66.
  • Elliott, J. G., Lauchlan, F., and Stringer, P., 1996. Dynamic assessment and its potential for educational psychologists: Part 1 – theory and practice, Educational Psychology in Practice 12 (1996), pp. 24–32.
  • Entholt, K. A., Smith, P. A., and Yule, W., 2005. School-based cognitive behavioural therapy group intervention for refugee children who have experienced war-related trauma, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10 (2005), pp. 235–250.
  • Eth, S., and Pynoos, R., 1985. "Developmental perspective on psychic trauma in childhood". In: Figley, C. R., ed. Trauma and its wake. Vol. 1. New York: Brunner/Mazel; 1985. pp. 36–52.
  • Farr, B., and Trumbull, E., 1997. Assessment alternatives for diverse classrooms. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters; 1997.
  • Fonagy, P., 1999. The transgenerational transmission of holocaust trauma, Attachment and Human Development 1 (1999), pp. 92–114.
  • Galante, R., and Foa, D., 1986. An epidemiological study of psychic trauma and treatment effectiveness for children after a natural disaster, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25 (1986), pp. 357–363.
  • Garbarino, J., and Kostelny, K., 1996. The effects of political violence on Palestinian children's behaviour problems: A risk accumulation model, Child Development 67 (1996), pp. 33–45.
  • Garcia-Coll, C. T., 1990. Developmental outcome of minority infants: A process oriented look into our beginnings, Child Development 61 (1990), pp. 270–289.
  • 2003. Georgas, J., Weiss, L. G., Van de Vijver, F. J. R., and Saklofske, D. H., ed. Culture and children's intelligence: Cross cultural analysis of the WISC–III. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2003.
  • Gordon, R., and Adam, M., 2005. Family harmony: Understanding family violence in Somali and Eritrean communities in the Western region of Melbourne. Melbourne: Women's Health West; 2005.
  • Greenfield, P. M., 1997. You can't take it with you: Why ability assessments don't cross cultures, American Psychologist 52 (1997), pp. 1111–1124.
  • Guthke, J., Beckmann, J. F., and Dobat, H., 1997. Dynamic testing—problems, uses, trends and evidence of validity, Educational and Child Psychology 14 (1997), pp. 17–32.
  • Hart, H., Kingsley, W., and Willems, G., 1999. A neurodevelopmental approach to specific learning disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
  • Hessels, M. G., 1997. Low IQ but high learning potential: Why Zeyneb and Moussa do not belong in special education, Educational and Child Psychology 14 (1997), pp. 121–136.
  • Hildyard, K. L., and Wolfe, D. A., 2002. Child neglect: Developmental issues and outcomes, Child Abuse and Neglect 26 (2002), pp. 679–695.
  • Hill, V., 2005. Through the past darkly: A review of the British Ability Scales second edition, Child and Adolescent Mental Health 10 (2005), pp. 87–98.
  • Jaques, L., and Abbott, L., 1997. "Resettlement disrupted. Effects of having a family member in a conflict zone". In: Ferguson, B., and Barnes, D., eds. Perspectives on transcultural mental health. Culture and mental health. Current issues in transcultural mental health. Sydney: Transcultural Mental Health Service; 1997. pp. 68–76.
  • Kaufman, A. S., 1990. Assessing adolescent and adult intelligence. Boston: Allyn & Bacon; 1990.
  • Kinzie, D. J., Boehnlein, J., and Sack, W. H., 1998. "The effects of massive trauma on Cambodian parents and children". In: Danieli, Y., ed. International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. New York: Plenum Press; 1998. pp. 211–221.
  • Kozulin, A., Feuerstein, R., and Feuerstein, R., 2001. "Mediated learning experience paradigm in teacher training". 2001, Retrieved 15 September 2008, from http://www.newhorizons.org/strategies/multicultural/kozulin.htm.
  • Laor, N., Wolmer, L., and Cohen, D. J., 2001. Mother's functioning and children's symptoms 5 years after a Scud missile attack, American Journal of Psychiatry 158 (2001), pp. 1020–1026.
  • Lidz, C., 1991. Practitioners guide to dynamic assessment. New York: Guilford Press; 1991.
  • Lynch, M., and Cicchetti, D., 1992. Trauma, mental representation and the organisation of memory for mother referent material, Developmental Psychopathology 10 (1992), pp. 739–759.
  • Lyons-Ruth, K., and Jacobovitz, D., 1999. "Attachment disorganisation: Unresolved loss, relational violence, and lapses in behavioural and attentional strategies". In: Cassidy, J., and Shaver, P. R., eds. Handbook of attachment: Theory research and clinical application. New York: Guildford Press; 1999. pp. 520–554.
  • Maksoud, M., 1993. Helping children cope with the stresses of war: A manual for parents and teachers. Geneva: United Nations Children's Fund; 1993.
  • Massachusetts Advocates for Children (MAC), 2005. Helping traumatised children learn. Boston: Author; 2005.
  • Masten, A. S., and Coatsworth, J. D., 1998. The development of competence in favourable and unfavourable environments: Lessons from research on successful children, American Psychologist 53 (1998), pp. 205–220.
  • McFayden, R. G., and Kitson, W. J. H., 1996. Language comprehension and expression among adolescents who have experienced childhood physical abuse, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 37 (1996), pp. 551–562.
  • Ong, J. W., and , 2002. Orality and literacy: The technology of the word. London: Routledge; 2002.
  • Osterling, J. P., 2001. Waking the sleeping giant: Engaging and capitalizing on the sociocultural strengths of the Latino community, Bilingual Research Journal 25 (2001), pp. 1–24.
  • Overstreet, S., Dempsey, M., Graham, D., and Moely, B., 1999. Availability of family support as a moderator of exposure to community violence, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 28 (1999), pp. 151–159.
  • Papageorgiou, V., Frangou-Garunovic, A., Jordandinou, R., Yule, W., Smith, P., and Vostanis, P., 2000. War trauma and psychopathology in Bosnian children, European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 9 (2000), pp. 84–90.
  • Pena, E. D., 2007. Lost in translation: Methodological considerations in cross-cultural research, Child Development 78 (2007), pp. 1255–1264.
  • Perry, B. D., and Pollard, R., 1998. Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaptation: A neurodevelopmental view of childhood trauma, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7 (1998), pp. 33–51.
  • Porter, M., and Haslam, N., 2005. Pre-displacement and post-displacement factors associated with the mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis, JAMA 294 (2005), pp. 602–612.
  • Prevatt, F. F., 2003. The contribution of parenting practices in a risk and resiliency model of children's adjustment, British Journal of Developmental Psychology 21 (2003), pp. 469–480.
  • Prifitera, A., Saklofske, D. H., and Weiss, L. G., 2004. WISC-IV clinical use and interpretation: Scientist-practitioner perspectives. New York: Elsevier Academic Press; 2004.
  • Punamaki, R. L., 2002. The uninvited guest of war enters childhood: Developmental and personality aspects of war and military violence, Traumatology 8 (2002), pp. 30–54.
  • Punamaki, R. L., Qouta, S., and El Sarraj, E., 1997. Models of traumatic experiences and children's psychological adjustment: The role of perceived parenting, children's resources and activity, Child Development 68 (1997), pp. 718–728.
  • Pynoos, R. S., 1993. "Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents". In: Oldham, J. M., and Riba, M. B., eds. Review of psychiatry. Vol. 12. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993. pp. 205–238.
  • Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., and Wraith, R., 1995. "A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress". In: Cicchetti, D., and Cohen, D., eds. Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2: Risk, disorder, and adaptation. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 1995. pp. 72–95.
  • Qouta, S., Punamaki, R. L., and El Sarraj, E., 2005. Mother-child expression of psychological distress in war trauma, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 10 (2005), pp. 135–156.
  • Refugee Council of Australia, 2007. Refugee settlement in Australia. 2007, Retrieved 20 October 2008, from http://www.refugeecouncil. org.au/resources/publications.html.
  • Rousseau, C., Rufagari, M. C., Bagilishya, D., and Measham, T., 2004. Remaking family life: Strategies for re-establishing continuity among Congolese refugees during the family reunification process, Social Science and Medicine 59 (2004), pp. 1095–1108.
  • Saigh, P. A., Mroueh, M., and Bremner, J. D., 1997. Scholastic impairments among traumatised adolescents, Behaviour Research and Therapy 35 (1997), pp. 429–436.
  • Saltzman, K., Weems, C., and Carrion, V., 2006. IQ and posttraumatic stress symptoms in children exposed to interpersonal violence, Child Psychiatry and Human Development 36 (2006), pp. 261–272.
  • Shonk, S. M., and Cicchetti, D., 2001. Maltreatment, competency deficits, and risk for academic and behavioural maladjustment, Developmental Psychology 37 (2001), pp. 3–17.
  • Schore, A., 2001. Dysregulation of the right brain: A fundamental mechanism of traumatic attachment and the psychopathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36 (2001), pp. 9–30.
  • Simpson, M. A., 1993. "Traumatic stress and the bruising of the soul". In: Wilson, J. P., and Raphael, B., eds. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Plenum Press; 1993. pp. 667–684.
  • Smith, P., Perrin, S., Yule, W., Hacam, B., and Stuvland, R., 2002. War exposure among children from Bosnia Herzogovina: Psychological adjustment in a community sample, Journal of Traumatic Stress 15 (2002), pp. 147–157.
  • Streeck-Fischer, A., and van der Kolk, B. A., 2000. Down will come baby, cradle and all: Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of chronic trauma on child development, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34 (2000), pp. 903–918.
  • Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., and Polcari, A., 2002. Developmental neurobiology of childhood stress and trauma, Psychiatric Clinics of North America 25 (2002), pp. 397–426.
  • Thomas, T., and Lau, W., 2002. Psychological wellbeing of child and adolescent refugees and asylum seekers: Overview of the major research findings in the past ten years. 2002, Retrieved 18 September 2008, from http://www.hreoc.gov.au/human_rights/children/psy_review.html.
  • Toth, S. C., and Cicchetti, D., 1998. Remembering, forgetting, and the effects of trauma on memory: A developmental psychopathologic perspective, Developmental Psychopathology 10 (1998), pp. 580–605.
  • Tzuriel, D., 2001. Dynamic assessment of young children: Educational and intervention perspectives, Educational Psychology Review 12 (2001), pp. 385–435.
  • Tzuriel, D., and Klein, P. S., 1987. "Assessing the young child: Children's analogical thinking modifiability". In: Lidz, C. S., ed. Dynamic Assessment. New York: Guilford; 1987. pp. 268–288.
  • United Nations Children's Fund, 2008. UNICEF reports rising trend of violence against children in strife-torn countries. 2008, Retrieved 15 October 2008, from http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=27105&Cr=unicef&Cr1.
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 2008. Global trends 2007. 2008, Retrieved 18 September 2008, from http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/STATISTICS/4852366f2.pdf.
  • Valdivia, R., 1999. "The implications of culture on developmental delay". 1999, Retrieved 7 July 2008, from http://wwww.kidneeds.com/diagnostic_categories/articles/culturedelay01.htm.
  • van der Kolk, B., 1987. Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987.
  • van der Kolk, B. A., and Fisler, R., 1994. Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 58 (1994), pp. 145–168.
  • Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (VFST), 2000. Operation Safe Haven. Melbourne: Author; 2000.
  • Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (VFST), 1998. Rebuilding shattered lives. Melbourne: Author; 1998.
  • Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (VFST), 2007a. Annual report 2006–2007. Melbourne: Author; 2007a.
  • Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture (VFST), 2007b. Promoting refugee health: A guide for doctors and other health care providers caring for people from refugee backgrounds. 2007b, Retrieved 25 November 2008, from http://www.foundationhouse.org.au/resources/publications_and_resources.htm.
  • Victorian Foundation for Survivors of Torture VFST, 2007c. School's in for refugees: Whole-school guide to refugee readiness. 2007c, Retrieved 20 October 2008, from http://www.foundationhouse.org.au/resources/publications_and_resources.htm.
  • Vygotsky, L., 1986. Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1986.
  • Westermeyer, J., 1986. "Migration and psychopathology". In: Williams, L., and Westermeyer, J., eds. Refugee mental health in settlement countries. New York: Hampshire Publishing; 1986. pp. 39–59.
  • Whitelaw, S., 2008. Issues in the intellectual assessment of newly arrived populations in schools. Presented at Paper presented at the Conference on Issues in Cross-Cultural Psychological Assessment. 16, May, 2008, convened by the Victorian Transcultural Psychiatry Unit.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.