On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits

References

• Amaranto, E., Steinberg, J., Castellano, C., and Mitchell, R., 2003. Police stress interventions, Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 3 (2003), pp. 47–53.
   Google Scholar
• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. DA., and Taylor, G. J., 1994. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: I Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38 (1994), pp. 23–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., and Parker, J. DA., 1994. The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale: II Convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 38 (1994), pp. 33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, F. W., and Bunce, D., 2000. Mediators of change in emotion-focused and problem-focused worksite stress management interventions, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5 (2000), pp. 156–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bond, F. W., and Bunce, D., 2003. The role of acceptance and job control in mental health, job satisfaction, and work performance, Journal of Applied Psychology 88 (2003), pp. 1057–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. M., and Campbell, E. A., 1994. Stress and policing: Sources and strategies. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. W., and Ryan, R. M., 2003. The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003), pp. 822–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, R. J., 1993. Work-family stress, conflict, coping and burnout in police officers, Psychological Reports 65 (1993), pp. 3–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills, L., Barlow, D. H., Brown, T. A., and Hofmann, S. G., 2006. Effects of suppression and acceptance on emotional responses of individuals with anxiety and mood disorders, Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 (2006), pp. 1251–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., and Blackledge, J. T., 2006. "Mindfulness-based emotional intelligence training: A new approach to reducing human suffering and promoting effectiveness". In: Ciarrochi, J., Forgas, J. P., and Mayer, J. D., eds. Emotional intelligence in everyday life . New York: Psychology Press; 2006. pp. 206–228.
   Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., Chan, A., Caputi, P., and Roberts, R., 2001. "Measuring emotional intelligence". In: Ciarrochi, J., and Forgas, J. P., eds. Emotional intelligence in everyday life: A scientific inquiry. Philadelphia: Psychology Press; 2001. pp. 25–45.
   Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., and Godsell, C., 2005. "Mindfulness-based emotional intelligence: A theory and review of the literature". In: Schulze, R., and Roberts, R. D., eds. Emotional intelligence: An international handbook. Gottingen: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers; 2005. pp. 69–90.
   Google Scholar
• Ciarrochi, J., Robb, H., and Godsell, C., 2005. Letting a little non-verbal air into the room: Insights from acceptance and commitment therapy Part I: Philosophical and theoretical underpinnings, Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 23 (2005), pp. 79–106.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, B. J., Coman, G. J., Stanley, R. O., and Burrows, G. D., 1993. Police officers' coping strategies: An Australian police survey, Stress Medicine 9 (1993), pp. 237–246.
   Google Scholar
• Feldner, M. T., Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G. H., and Spira, A. P., 2003. Emotional avoidance: An experimental test of individual differences and response suppression using biological challenge, Behaviour Research and Therapy 41 (2003), pp. 403–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, D. P., 1978. Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor: National Foundation for Educational Research; 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Gross, J. J., 2002. Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences, Psychophysiology 39 (2002), pp. 281–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P. M., and Cotton, P., 2002. "Conventional wisdom is often misleading: Police stress within an organisational health framework". In: Dollard, M. F., Winefield, A. H., and Winefield, H. R., eds. Occupational stress in the service professions. London: Taylor and Francis; 2002. pp. 103–139.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., 2001. Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavior therapy, Behavior Therapy 35 (2001), pp. 639–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., and Wilson, K. G., 1999. Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., Wilson, K. G., Pistorello, J., Toarmino, D., Polusny, M. A., et al., 2004. Measuring experiential avoidance: A preliminary test of a working model, Psychological Record 54 (2004), pp. 553–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., and Strosahl, K., 1996. Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996), pp. 1152–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, N., Zhao, J., and Archbold, C. A., 2002. Gender and police stress: The convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work-family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers, Policing 25 (2002), pp. 687–708.
   Google Scholar
• John, O. P., and Gross, J. J., 2004. Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and life span development, Journal of Personality 72 (2004), pp. 1301–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabat-Zinn, J., 1990. Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. New York: Delacorte; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, S., Johnson, V. K., Gans, S. E., and Krumrine, J., 2004. Predicting adjustment during the transition to college: Alexithymia, perceived stress and psychological symptoms, Journal of College Student Development 45 (2004), pp. 593–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohan, A., and Mazmanian, D., 2003. Police work, burnout, and pro-organizational behavior, Criminal Justice and Behavior 30 (2003), pp. 559–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennings, C. J., 1997. Police and occupationally related violence: A review, Policing: International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 20 (1997), pp. 555–566.
   Google Scholar
• Lovibond, S. H., and Lovibond, P. F., 1995. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Sydney: University of New South Wales; 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., 1995. "Emotion, disclosure and health: An overview". In: Pennebaker, J., ed. Emotion, disclosure and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1995. pp. 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, J., and Gross, J. J., 1999. Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (1999), pp. 1033–1044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, H., Sigman, M., and Wilson, J., 1997. Duty-related stressors and PTSD symptoms in suburban police officers, Psychological Reports 81 (1997), pp. 835–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., and Deci, E. L., 2000. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being, American Psychologist 55 (2000), pp. 68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salovey, P., Mayor, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., and Palfai, T. P., 2002. "Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the Trait Meta-Mood scale". In: Pennebaker, J. W., ed. Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2002. pp. 125–154.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., Williams, J. MG., and Gemar, M. C., 2002. The Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy adherence scale: Inter-rater reliability, adherence to protocol and treatment distinctiveness, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 9 (2002), pp. 131–138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos, P. E., 1973. The prevalence of “alexithymic” symptoms in psychosomatic patients, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 22 (1973), pp. 255–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. T., 2000. Recent developments in alexithymia theory and research, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 45 (2000), pp. 134–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., and Williams, J. MG., 1995. How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?, Behavior Research Therapy 33 (1995), pp. 25–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violanti, J. M., 1993. What does high stress policing teach recruits? An analysis of coping, Journal of Criminal Justice 21 (1993), pp. 411–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Violanti, J. M., Marshall, J. R., and Howe, B. H., 1985. Stress, coping and alcohol use: The police connection, Journal of Police Science and Administration 13 (1985), pp. 106–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainer, H., 1991. Adjusting for differential base rates: Lord's paradox again, Psychological Bulletin 109 (1991), pp. 147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., and Zanakos, S., 1993. Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood-related thought, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993), pp. 1093–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, D. M., and Zanakos, S., 1994. Chronic thought suppression, Journal of Personality 62 (1994), pp. 615–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar