431
Views
109
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Why honey is effective as a medicine

2. The scientific explanation of its effects

Pages 22-40 | Published online: 01 Apr 2015

References

  • ABBAS, T (1997) Royal treat. Living in the Gulf, pp 50–51.
  • ABUHARFEIL, N; AL-ORAN, R; ABOSHEHADA, M (1999) The effect of bee honey on the proliferative activity of human B- and T-lymphocytes and the activity of phagocytes. Food and Agricultural Immunology 11: 169–177.
  • AGNER, K (1963) Studies on myeloperoxidase activity. 1. Spectrophotometry of the MPO-H202 compound. Acta Chemica Scandinavia 17(Suppl. 1): S332–S338.
  • AKHTAR, M S; KHAN, M S (1989) Glycaemic responses to three different honeys given to normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits, Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 39(4): 107–113.
  • AL SOMAI, N; COLEY, K E; MOLAN, P C; HANCOCK, B M (1994) Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the antibacterial activity of manuka honey. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87(1): 9–12.
  • AL-SWAYEH, O A ALI, ATM (1998) Effect of ablation of capsaicin-sensitive neurons on gastric protection by honey and sucralfate. Hepato-Gastroenterology 45(19): 297–302.
  • ALI, A T M (1995) Natural honey accelerates healing of indomethacin-induced antral ulcers in rats. Saudi Medical journal 16(2): 161–166.
  • ALI, ATM M (1991) Prevention of ethanol- induced gastric lesions in rats by natural honey, and its possible mechanism of action. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 26: 281–288.
  • ALI, A T M M (1995) Natural honey exerts its protective effects against ethanol- induced gastric lesions in rats by preventing depletion of glandular nonprotein sulfhydryls. Tropical Gastroenterology 16(1): 18–26.
  • ALI, A T M M; AL-HUMAYYD, M S; MADAN, M R (1990) Natural honey prevents indomethacin- and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Saudi Medical Journal 11(4): 275–279.
  • ALI, A T M M; AL-SWAYEH, O A (1996) The role of nitric oxide in gastric protection by honey Saudi Medical Journal 17: 301–306.
  • ALI, A T M M; AL-SWAYEH, O A (1997) Natural honey prevents ethanol-induced increased vascular permeability changes in the rat stomach. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 55(3): 231–238.
  • ALI, A T M M; AL-SWAYEH, O A; AL-HUMAYYD, M S; MUSTAFA, A A; AL-RASHED, R S; AL-TUWAIJIRI, A S (1997) Natural honey prevents ischaemia-reprfusion-induced gastric mucosal lesions and increased vascular permeability in rats. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9(11): 1101–1107.
  • ALI, A T M M; CHOWDHURY, M N H; AL HUMAYYD, M S (1991) Inhibitory effect of natural honey on Helicobacter pylori. Tropical Gastroenterology 12(3): 139–143.
  • ALLEN, K L; MOLAN, P C (1997) The sensitivity of mastitis-causing bacteria to the antibacterial activity of honey New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40: 537–540.
  • ARISTOTLE ((350 BC) 1910) Historia Animalium. Oxford University; Oxford, UK.
  • ARMON, P J (1980) The use of honey in the treatment of infected wounds. Tropical Doctor 10:91.
  • BAUER, L; KOHLICH, A; HIRSCHWEHR, R; SIEMANN, U; EBNER, H; SCHEINER, O; KRAFT, D; EBNER, C (1996) Food allergy to honey: pollen or bee products? Characterisation of allergenic proteins in honey by means of immunoblotting. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 97(1): 65–73.
  • BELFIELD, W O; GOLINSKY, S; COMPTON, M D (1970) The use of insulin in open wound healing. Veterinary Medicine: Small Animal Clinician 65(5): 455–460.
  • BERGMAN, A; YANAI, J; WEISS, J; BELL, D; DAVID, M P (1983) Acceleration of wound healing by topical application of honey An animal model. American Journal of Surgery 145: 374–376.
  • BLOMFIELD, R (1973) Honey for decubitus ulcers. Journal of the American Medical Association 224(6): 905.
  • BLOOMFIELD, E (1976) Old remedies. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners 26: 576.
  • BOSE, B (1982) Honey or sugar in treatment of infected wounds? Lancet i(April 24): 963.
  • BRADY, N F; MOLAN, P C; HARFOOT, C G (1997) The sensitivity of dermatophytes to the antimicrobial activity of manuka honey and other honey Pharmaceutical Sciences 2: 1–3.
  • BRAN IKI, F J (1981) Surgery in Western Kenya. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 63: 348–352.
  • BROOKS, F P (1985) The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 30(11): 15S-29S.
  • BUCKNALL, T E (1984) Factors affecting healing. In T E Bucknall; H Ellis (eds) Wound healing for surgeon. Baillière Tindall; London, UK; pp 42–74.
  • BULMAN, M W (1955) Honey as a surgical dressing. Middlesex Hospital Journal 55: 188–189.
  • BURDON, R H (1995) Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in relation to mammalian cell proliferation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 18(4): 775–794.
  • BURLANDO, F (1978) Sull'azione terapeutica del miele nelle ustioni. Minerva Dermatologica 113: 699–706.
  • CAVANAGH, D; BEAZLEY, J; OSTAPOWICZ, F (1970) Radical operation for carcinoma of the vulva. A new approach to wound healing. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 77(11): 1037–1040.
  • CHANT, A (1999) The biomechanics of leg ulceration. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 81: 80–85.
  • CHIRIFE J; HERSZAGE, L; JOSEPH, A KOHN, E S (1983) In vitro study of bacterial growth inhibition in concentrated sugar solutions: microbiological basis for the use of sugar in treating infected wounds. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 23(5): 766–773.
  • CHUNG, L Y; SCHMIDT, R J; ANDREWS, A M; TURNER, T D (1993) A study of hydrogen peroxide generation by, and antioxidant activity of, Granuflex(tm) (DuoDERM(tm) Hydrocolloid Granules and some other hydrogel/hydrocolloid wound management materials. British Journal of Dermatology 129(2): 145–53.
  • CHURCH, J (1954) Honey as a source of the anti-stiffness factor. Federation Proceedings of the American Physiology Society 13(1): 26.
  • COCHRANE, C G (1991) Cellular injury by oxidants. American journal of Medicine 91(Suppl. 3c): 23S–30S.
  • COOPER, R A; MOLAN, P C (1999) The use of honey as an antiseptic in managing Pseudomonas infection. Journal of Wound Care 8(4): 161–164.
  • COOPER, R A; MOLAN, P C; HARDING, K G (1999) Antibacterial activity of honey against strains of Staphylococcus aureus from infected wounds, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92: 283–285.
  • CROSS, C E; HALLIWELL, B; BORISH, E T; PRYOR, W A; AMES, B N; SAUL, R L; MCCORDJ M; HARMAN, D (1987) Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 107: 526–545.
  • CURDA, L; PLOCKOV; M (1995) Impedance measurement of growth of lactic acid bacteria in dairy cultures with honey addition. International Dairy journal 5: 727–733.
  • CZECH, M P; LAWRENCE JR, J C; LYNN, W S (1974) Evidence for the involvement of sulphydryl oxidation in the regulation of fat cell hexose transport by insulin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71(10): 4173–4177.
  • DAILEY, L A; IMMING, P (1999) 12-Lipoxygenase: classification, possible therapeutic benefits from inhibition, and inhibitors. Current Medical Chemistry 6(5): 389–398.
  • DAVIS, C; ARNOLD, K (1974) Role of meningococal endotoxin in meningococcal purpura. Journal of Experimental Medicine 140: 159–171.
  • DEFORGE, L E; FANTONE, J C; KENNEY, J S; REMICK, D G (1992) Oxygen radical scavengers selectively inhibit interleukin 8 production in human whole blood. Journal of Clinical Investigation 90: 2123–2129.
  • DOOLEY, C P; COHEN, H (1989) The clinical significance of Campylobacter pylori. Annals of Internal Medicine 108: 70–79.
  • DUMRONGLERT, E (1983) A follow-up study of chronic wound healing dressing with pure natural honey. Journal of the National Research Council of Thailand 15(2): 39–66.
  • DUNFORD, C; COOPER, R A MOLAN, P C (2000) Using honey as a dressing for infected skin lesions. Nursing Times 96(NTPLUS 14): 7–9.
  • DUNFORD, C; COOPER, R A WHITE, R J; MOLAN, P C (2000) The use of honey in wound management. Nursing Standard 15(11): 63–68.
  • EFEM, S E E (1988) Clinical observations on the wound healing properties of honey. British Journal of Surgery 75: 679–681.
  • EFEM, S E E (1993) Recent advances in the management of Fournier's gangrene: preliminary observations. Surgery 113(2): 200–204.
  • EFEM, S E E; Udoh, K T; Iwara, C I (1992) The antimicrobial spectrum of honey and its clinical significance. Infection 20(4): 227–229.
  • EL-BANBY, M; KANDIL A, ABOU-SEHLY, G; ELSHERIF, M E; ABDEL-WAHED, K. Healing effect of floral honey and honey from sugar-fed bees on surgical wounds (animal model). In IBRA (eds) 4th International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates, 1989, Cairo. International Bee Research Association; Cardiff, UK.
  • EL-SUKHON, S N; ABU-HARFEIL, N; SALLAL, A K (1994) Effect of honey on bacterial growth and spore germination. Journal of Food Protection 57(10): 918–920.
  • EMARAH, M H (1982) A clinical study of the topical use of bee honey in the treatment of some occular diseases. Bulletin of Islamic Medicine 2(5): 422–425.
  • FAROUK, A HASSAN, T; KASHIF, H; KHALID, S A MUTAWALI, I; WADI, M (1988) Studies on Sudanese bee honey: laboratory and clinical evaluation. International Journal of Crude Drug Research 26(3): 161–168.
  • FLOHÉ, L; BECKMANN, R; GIERTZ, H; LOSCHEN, G (1985) Oxygen-centred free radicals as mediators of inflammation. In H Sies (ed) Oxidative Stress. Academic Press; London, UK; pp 403–435.
  • FLORIS, I; PROTA, R (1989) Sul miele amaro di Sardegna. Apicoltore Moderno 80(2): 55–67.
  • FORDTRAN, J S (1975) Stimulation of active and passive sodium absorption by sugars in the human jejunum. Journal of Clinical Investigation 55: 728–737.
  • FOTIDAR, M R; FOTIDAR, S N (1945) ‘Lotus’ honey. Indian Bee Journal 7: 102.
  • FRANKEL, S; ROBINSON, G E; BE RENBAUM, M R (1998) Antioxidant capacity and correlated characteristics of 14 unifloral honeys. Journal of Apicultural Research 37(1): 27–31.
  • GRIMBLE, G F (1994) Nutritional antioxidants and the modulation of inflammation: theory and practice. New Horizons 2(2): 175–185.
  • GUNTHER, R T (1934 (Reprinted 1959)) The Greek herbal of Dioscorides. Hafner; New York; 701 pp.
  • GUPTA, S K; SINGH, H; VARSHNEY, A C; PRAKASH, P (1992) Therapeutic efficacy of honey in infected wounds in buffaloes. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 62(6): 521–523.
  • HAFFEJEE, I E; MOOSA, A (1985) Honey in the treatment of infantile gastroenteritis. British Medical Journal 290: 1866–1867.
  • HALLIWELL, B; CROSS, C E (1994) Oxygen-derived species: Their relation to human disease and environmental stress. Environmental Health Perspectives 102 Suppl 10: 5–12.
  • HARRIS, S (1994) Honey for the treatment of superficial wounds: a case report and review Primary Intention 2(4): 18–23.
  • HASPOLAT, K; BÜYÜKBAS, S; «ENGEL, H (1990) Balin in vitro antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkisi. Turk Hijiyen ve Deneysel Biyoloji Dergisisi 47(2): 211–216.
  • HAURY, B; RODEHEAVER, G; VENSKO, J; EDGERTON, M T; EDLICH, R F (1978) Debridement: an essential component of traumatic wound care. American Journal of Surgery 135: 238–242.
  • HAYDAK, M H (1955) The nutritional value of honey American Bee Journal 95: 185–191.
  • HEJASE, M J; E., S J; BIHRLE, R; COOGAN, C L (1996) Genital Fournier s gangrene: experience with 38 patients. Urology 47(5): 734–739.
  • HELBLING, A; PETER, C; BERCHTOLD, E; BOGDANOV, S; MÜLLER, U (1992) Allergy to honey: relation to pollen and honey bee allergy Allergy 47(1): 41–49.
  • HELM, B A; GUNN, J M (1986) The effect of insulinomimetic agents on protein degradation in H35 hepatoma cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 71(2): 159–166.
  • HUNT, T K; TWOMEY, P; ZEDERFELDT, B; DUNPHYJ E (1967) Respiratory gas tensions and pH in healing wounds. American Journal of Surgery 114: 302–307.
  • HUTTON, D J (1966) Treatment of pressure sores. Nursing Times 62(46): 1533–1534.
  • HYSLOP, P A; HINSHAW, D B; SCRAUFSTATTER, I U; COCHRANE, C G; KUNZ, S; VOSBECK, K (1995) Hydrogen peroxide as a potent bacteriostatic antibiotic: implications for host defense. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 19(1): 31–7.
  • JONES, K P; BLAIR, S; TONKS, A; PRICE, A; COOPER, R (2000) Honey and the stimulation of inflammatory cytokine release from a monocytic cell line. First World Wound Healing Congress; Melbourne, Australia.
  • KANDIL, A; EL-BANBY, M; ABDEL-WAHED, K; ABOU-SEHLY, G; EZZAT, N (1987) Healing effect of true floral and false nonfloral honey on medical wounds. Journal of Drug Research (Cairo) 17(1–2): 71–75.
  • KATSILAMBROS, N I; PHILIPPIDES, P; TOULIATOU, A GEORGAKOPOULOS, K; KOFOTZOULI, L; FRANGAKI, D; SISKOUDIS, P; MARANGOS, M; SFIKAKIS, P (1988) Metabolic effects of honey (alone or combined with other foods) in Type II diabetics. Acta Diabetologica Latina 25: 197–203.
  • KAUFMAN, T; EICHENLAUB, E H; ANGEL, M F; LEVIN, M; FUTRELL, J W (1985) Topical acidification promotes healing of experimental deep partial thickness skin burns: a randomised double-blind preliminary study Burns 12: 84–90.
  • KAUFMAN, T; LEVIN, M; HURWITZ, D J (1984) The effect of topical hyperalimentation on wound healing rate and granulation tissue formation of experimental deep second degree burns in guinea-pigs. Burns 10(4): 252–256.
  • KEAST-BUTLER, J (1980) Honey for necrotic malignant breast ulcers. Lancet ii(October 11): 809.
  • KIISTALA, R; HANNUKSELA, M; MÄKINEN-KILJUNEN, S; NIINIMÄKI, A HAAHTELA, T (1995) Honey allergy is rare in patients sensitive to pollens. Allergy 50: 844–847.
  • KLEBANOFF, S J (1980) Myeloperoxidase-mediated cytotoxic systems. In A J Sbarra; R R Strauss (eds) The reticuloendothelial system. A comprehensive treatise. Volume 2. Biochemistry and Metabolism. Plenum Press; New York; pp 270–308.
  • KOSHIO, O; AKANUMA, Y; KASUGA, M (1988) Hydrogen peroxide stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin recepter and its tyrosine kinase activity in intact cells. Biochemical Journal 250: 95–101.
  • KUMAR, A; SHARMA, V K; SINGH, H P; PRAKASH, P; SINGH, S P (1993) Efficacy of some indigenous drugs in tissue repair in buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 70(1): 42–44.
  • LEVEEN, H H; FALK, G; BOREK, B; DIAZ, C; LYNFIELD, Y; WYNKOOP, B J; MABUNDA, G A RUBRI CUS, J L; CHRISTOUDIAS, G C (1973) Chemical acidification of wounds. An adjuvant to healing and the unfavourable action of alkalinity and ammonia. Annals of Surgery 178(6): 745–753.
  • LINEAWEAVER, W; MCMORRIS, S; SOUCY, D; HOWARD, R (1985) Cellular and bacterial toxicities of topical antimicrobials. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 75(3): 394–396.
  • LINNETT, P, (1996) Honey for equine diarrhoea. Control and Therapy. 906.
  • LOPEZ, J E; MENA, B (1968) Local insulin for diabetic gangrene. Lancet i: 1199.
  • MCGOVERN, D P B; ABBAS, S Z; VIVIAN, G; DALTON, H R (1999) Manuka honey against Helicobacter pylori, journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92: 439.
  • MCINERNEY, R J F (1990) Honey—a remedy rediscovered. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 83: 127.
  • MOLAN, P C (1992) The antibacterial activity of honey. 1. The nature of the antibacterial activity. Bee World 73(1): 5–28.
  • MOLAN, P C (1992) The antibacterial activity of honey. 2. Variation in the potency of the antibacterial activity. Bee World 73(2): 59–76.
  • MOLAN, P C (1998) A brief review of honey as a clinical dressing. Primary Intention 6(4): 148–158.
  • MOLAN, P C (1999) Selection of honey for use as a wound dressing. Primary Intention (in press).
  • MOLAN, P C (1999) Why honey is effective as a medicine. 1. Its use in modern medicine. Bee World 80(2): 80–92.
  • MOLAN, P C; Allen, K L (1996) The effect of gamma-irradiation on the antibacterial activity of honey. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 48: 1206–1209.
  • MOSSEL, D A A (1980) Honey for necrotic breast ulcers. Lancet ii(November 15): 1091.
  • MURPHY, G; REYNOLDS, J J; BRETZ, U; BAGGIOLINI, M (1982) Partial purification of collagenase and gelatinase from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Biochemical Journal 203: 209–221.
  • . MURRELL, G A C; FRANCIS, M J O; BROMLEY, L (1990) Modulation of fibroblast proliferation by oxygen free radicals. Biochemical Journal 265: 659–665.
  • . NDAYISABA, G; BAZIRA, L; HABONIMANA, E; MUTEGANYA, D (1993) Clinical and bacteriological results in wounds treated with honey. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 7(2): 202–204.
  • . NIINIKOSKI, J; KIVISAARI, J; VILJANTO, J (1977) Local hyperalimentation of experimental granulation tissue. Acta Chiropida Scandinavia 143: 201–206.
  • . NYCHAS, G J; DILLON, V M; BOARD, R G (1988) Glucose, the key substrate in the microbiological changes in meat and certain meat products. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 10: 203–231.
  • . OBI, C L; UGOJI, E O; EDUN, S A LAWAL, S F; ANYIWO, C E (1994) The antibacterial effect of honey on diarrhoea causing bacterial agents isolated in Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Medical Sciences 23: 257–260.
  • . ORYAN, A ZAKER, S R (1998) Effects of topical application of honey on cutaneous wound healing in rabbits. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A 45(3): 181–188.
  • . OSSANNA, P J; TEST, S T; MATHESON, N R; REGIANI, S; WEISS, S J (1986) Oxidative regulation of neutrophil elastase-alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor interactions. Journal of Clinical Investigation 77: 1939–1951.
  • . PEPPIN, G J; WEISS, S J (1986) Activation of the endogenous metalloproteinase, gelatinase, by triggered human neutrophils. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83: 4322–4326.
  • . PHUAPRADIT, W; SAROPALA, N (1992) Topical application of honey in treatment of abdominal wound disruption. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 32(4): 381–384.
  • . PIERRE, E J; BARROW, R E; HAWKINS, H K; NGUYEN, T T; SAKU RAI, Y; DESAI, M; WOLFE, R R; HERNDON, D N (1998) Effects of insulin on wound healing. Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection and Critical Care 44(2): 342–345.
  • . POSTMES, T; BOGAARD VAN DEN, A E; HAZEN, M (1993) Honey for wounds, ulcers, and skin graft preservation. Lancet 341(8847): 756–757.
  • . POSTMES, T; BOGAARD VAN DEN, A E; HAZEN, M (1995) The sterilization of honey with cobalt 60 gamma radiation: a study of honey spiked with Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus subtilis. Experentia (Basel) 51: 986–989.
  • . POSTMES, T; VANDEPUTTE, J (1999) Recombinant growth factors or honey? Burns 25(7): 676–678.
  • . POSTMES, T J; BOSCH, MMC; DUTRIEUX, R; BAARE VAN, J; HOEKSTRA, M J (1997) Speeding up the healing of burns with honey. An experimental study with histological assessment of wound biopsies. In A Mizrahi; Y Lensky (eds) Bee products: properties, applications and apitherapy. Plenum Press; New York; pp 27–37.
  • . PRUITT, K M; REITER, B (1985) Biochemistry of peroxidase system: antimicrobial effects. In K M Pruitt; J O Tenovuo (eds) The lactoperoxidase system: chemistry and biological significance. Marcel Dekker; New York; pp 144–178.
  • . ROOS, D (1991) The respiratory burst of phagocytic leucocytes. Drug Investigation 3(suppl. 2): 48–53.
  • . ROTH, L A; KWAN, S; SPORNS, P (1986) Use of a disc-assay system to detect oxytetracycline residues in honey. Journal of Food Protection 49(6): 436–441.
  • . RYAN, G B; MAJ NO, G (1977) Inflammation. Upjohn; Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA; 80 pp.
  • . SAÏSSY, J M; GUIGNARD, B; PATS, B; GUIAVARCH, M; ROUVIER, B (1995) Pulmonary edema after hydrogen peroxide irrigation of a war wound. Intensive Care Medicine 21(3): 287–288.
  • . SALAHUDEEN, A K; CLARK, E C; NATH, K A (1991) Hydrogen peroxide-induced renal injury. A protective role for pyruvate in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(6): 1886–1893.
  • . SAMANTA, A; BURDEN, A C; JONES, G R (1985) Plasma glucose responses to glucose, sucrose, and honey in patients with diabetes mellitus: an analysis of glycaemic and peak incremental indices. Diabetic Medicine 2(5): 371–373.
  • . SCHRECK, R; RIEBER, P; BAEUERLE, P A (1991) Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-kB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO Journal 10(8): 2247–2258.
  • . SHEIKH, D; SHAMS-UZ-ZAMAN; NAQVI, S B; SHEIKH, M R; ALI, G (1995) Studies on the antimicrobial activity of honey. Pakistan journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 8(1): 51–62.
  • . SILVER, I A (1980) The physiology of wound healing. In T K Hunt (ed) Wound healing and wound infection: theory and surgical practice. Appleton-Century-Crofts; New York; pp 11–28.
  • . SILVETTI, A N (1981) An effective method of treating long-enduring wounds and ulcers by topical applications of solutions of nutrients. Journal of Dermatolology.; Surgery and Oncology 7(6): 501–508.
  • . SIMON, R H; SCOGGIN, C H; PATTERSON, D (1981) Hydrogen peroxide causes the fatal injury to human fibroblasts exposed to oxygen radicals. Journal of Biological Chemistry 256(14): 7181–7186.
  • . SINCLAIR, R D; RYAN, T J (1994) Proteolytic enzymes in wound healing: the role of enzymatic debridement. Australasian journal of Dermatology 35: 35–41.
  • . SOMERFIELD, S D (1991) Honey and healing. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84(3): 179.
  • . SUBRAHMANYAM, M (1991) Topical application of honey in treatment of burns. British journal of Surgery 78(4): 497–498.
  • . SUBRAHMANYAM, M (1993) Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSite(r)) in the treatment of burns—a prospective randomised study. British journal of Plastic Surgery 46(4): 322–323.
  • . SUBRAHMANYAM, M (1994) Honey-impregnated gauze versus amniotic membrane in the treatment of burns. Burns 20(4): 331–333.
  • . SUBRAHMANYAM, M (1996) Honey dressing versus boiled potato peel in the treatment of burns: a prospective randomized study. Burns 22(6): 491–493.
  • . SUBRAHMANYAM, M (1998) A prospective randomised clinical and histological study of superficial burn wound healing with honey and silver sulfadiazine. Burns 24(2): 157–161.
  • . SUGUNA, L; CHANDRAKASAN, G; RAMAMOORTHY, U; THOMAS JOSEPH, K (1993) Influence of honey on biochemical and biophysical parameters of wounds in rats. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 14: 91–99.
  • . SUGUNA, L; CHANDRAKASAN, G; THOMAS JOSEPH, K (1992) Influence of honey on collagen metabolism during wound healing in rats. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 13: 7–12.
  • . SWAIM, S F (1980) Surgery of traumatized skin: management and reconstruction in the dog and cat. W B Saunders Co.; Philadelphia, USA; 120–122 pp.
  • . TANAKA, H; HANUMADASS, M; MATSUDA, H; SHIMAZAKI, S; WALTER, R J; MATSUDA, T (1995) Hemodynamic effects of delayed initiation of antioxidant therapy (beginning two hours after burn) in extensive third-degree burns. Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation 16(6): 610–615.
  • . TATNALL, F M; LEIGH, I M; GIBSON, J R (1991) Assay of antiseptic agents in cell culture: conditions affecting cytotoxicity. Journal of Hospital Infection 17(4): 287–296.
  • . TONNESEN, M G; WORTHEN, G S; JOHNSTON, R B JR. (1988) Neutrophil emigration, activation and tissue damage. In R A F Clark; P M Henson (eds) The molecular and cellular biology of wound repair. Plenum Press; New York, London; pp 149–183.
  • . TUR, E; BOLTON, L; CONSTANTINE, B E (1995) Topical hydrogen peroxide treatment of ischemic ulcers in the guinea pig: Blood recruitment in multiple skin sites. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 33(2 Pt 1): 217–221.
  • . TURNER, F J (1983) Hydrogen peroxide and other oxidant disinfectants. Lea & Febiger; Philadelphia, USA; 240–250 pp.
  • . VARDI, A BARZILAY, Z; UNDER, N; COHEN, H A PARET, G; BARZILAI, A (1998) Local application of honey for treatment of neonatal postoperative wound infection. Acta Paediatrica 87(4): 429–432.
  • . VILJANTO, J; RAEKALLIO, J (1976) Local hyperalimentation of open wounds. British journal of Surgery 63: 427–430.
  • . WADI, M; AL-AMIN, H; FAROUQ, A; KASHEF, H; KHALED, S A (1987) Sudanese bee honey in the treatment of suppurating wounds. Arab Medico 3: 16–18.
  • . WAHDAN, HAL (1998) Causes of the antimicrobial activity in honey. Infection 36(1): 30–35.
  • . WAKHLE, D M; DESAI, D B (1991) Estimation of antibacterial activity of some Indian honeys. Indian Bee Journal 53(1–4): 80–90.
  • . WEBER, H (1937) Honig zur Behandlung vereiterter Wunden. Therapie der Gegenwart 78: 547.
  • . WEHEIDA, S M; NAGUBIB, H H; EL-BANNA, H M; MARZOUK, S (1991) Comparing the effects of two dressing techniques on healing of low grade pressure ulcers. Journal of the Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University 12(2): 259–278.
  • . WEISS, S J; PEPPIN, G; ORTIZ, X; RAGSDALE, C; TEST, S T (1985) Oxidative autoactivation of latent collagenase by human neutrophils. Science 227: 747–749.
  • . WHITE, J W (1975) Composition of honey. In E Crane (ed) Honey: a comprehensive survey. Heinemann; London, UK; pp 157–206.
  • . WILLIX, D J; MOLAN, P C; HARFOOT, C J (1992) A comparison of the sensitivity of wound-infecting species of bacteria to the antibacterial activity of manuka honey and other honey. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 73: 388–394.
  • . WINTER, G D (1962) Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelialization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig. Nature (London) 193(4812): 293–294.
  • . WOOD, B; RADEMAKER, M; MOLAN, P C (1997) Manuka honey, a low cost leg ulcer dressing. New Zealand Medical Journal 110: 107.
  • . WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (1976) Treatment and prevention of dehydration in diarrhoeal diseases. WHO; 31 pp.
  • . YANG, K L (1944) The use of honey in the treatment of chilblains, non-specific ulcers, and small wounds. Chinese Medical Journal 62: 55–60.
  • . ZAIß (1934) Der Honig in äußerlicher Anwendung. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift (49): 1891–1893.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.