Inequality in Academic Performance and Juvenile Convictions: An Area-Based Analysis

References

• Arum , R. and Beattie , I. R. 1999 . High school experience and the risk of adult incarceration . Criminology , 37 ( 3 ) : 515 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry , M. 2010 . Youth transitions: from offending to desistance . Journal of Youth Studies , 13 ( 1 ) : 121 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge , D. , Brodie , I. , Pitts , J. , Porteous , D. and Tarling , R. The independent effects of permanent exclusion from school on the offending careers of young people . Research, Development and Statistics Directorate Occasional Paper no. 71 . 2001 . London, Home Office
   Google Scholar
• Blau , J. and Blau , P. 1982 . The cost of inequality: metropolitan structure and violent crime . American Sociological Review , 47 : 114 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , M. and Duncan , G. 1998 . “ Income inequality and mortality risk in the United States: is there a link? ” . In FRBSF Economic Letter 29 , San Francisco : Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco .
   Google Scholar
• Fajnzylber , P. , Lederman , D. and Loayza , N. 2002 . Inequality and violent crime . Journal of Law and Economics , 45 : 1 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein , L. and Bynner , J. 2004 . The importance of developmental trajectories in mid-childhood: effects on adult outcomes in the UK 1970 Birth Cohort . Child Development , 75 ( 5 ) : 1329 – 1339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein , L. , Sabates , R. , Anderson , T. , Sorhaindo , A. and Hammond , C. 2006 . The Effects of Education on Health: Concepts, Evidence and Policy Implications , Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) .
   Google Scholar
• Gillian , J. 1996 . Violence: Our Deadly Epidemic and its Causes , New York : G.P. Putman .
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , G. D. and Gottfredson , D. C. 1985 . Victimization in Schools , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson , D. C. , McNeil , I II and R. J. and Gottfredson , G. D. 1991 . Social area influences on delinquency: a multilevel analysis . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 28 ( 2 ) : 197 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A. 2009 . Education, inequality and the erosion of social cohesion . Forum , 51 ( 1 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , A. , Preston , J. and Sabates , R. 2003 . Education, equity and social cohesion: a distributional approach . Compare , 33 ( 4 ) : 453 – 470 .
   Google Scholar
• Grossman , M. 2005 . “ Education and non-market outcomes ” . In NBER Working Paper 11852 , Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , K. 2003 . Education and the crime-age profile . British Journal of Criminology , 43 : 141 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Haveman , R. H. and Wolfe , B. L. 1984 . Schooling and economic well-being: the role of non-market effects . The Journal of Human Resources , 19 ( 3 ) : 377 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch , D. 2004 . Strategies Against Poverty: a Shared Road Map , York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , D. 2007 . Experiences of Poverty and Educational Disadvantage , York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs , G. and Vignoles , A. 2010 . Is children's free school meals ‘eligibility’ a valid proxy for family income? . British Educational Research Journal , 36 ( 4 ) : 673 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Home , Office . 1998 . The Offenders Index: Codebook , London : Research Development and Statistics Directorate, The Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Home , Office . 2000 . The 2000 British Crime Survey: England and Wales , London : The Home Office .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , D. and Richardson , A. M. 2008 . Homicide in the developed nations from 1975 to 1995 . Homicide Studies , 12 ( 1 ) : 28 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , M. 2000 . Inequality and crime . The Review of Economics and Statistics , 82 ( 4 ) : 530 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig , J. , Duncan , G. J. and Hirschfield , P. 2001 . Urban poverty and juvenile crime: evidence from a randomized housing-mobility experiment . The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 116 ( 2 ) : 655 – 679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmot , M. G. , Smith , G. D. , Stansfeld , S. , Patel , C. , North , F. , Head , J. , White , I. , Brunner , E. and Feeney , A. 1991 . Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II Study . Lancet , 8 ( 337 ) : 1387 – 1393 .
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson , A. Income inequality and crime: the case of Sweden . IFAU Working Paper 2004:6 . 2004 . Uppsala, Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation
   Google Scholar
• Pickett , K. E. , Mookherjee , J. and Wilkinson , R. G. 2005 . Adolescent birth rates, total homicides and income inequality in rich countries . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( 7 ) : 1181 – 1183 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinheiro , J. C. and Bates , D. 2000 . Mixed-effects Models in S and S-plus , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Putwain , D. W. 2007 . Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren: prevalence and demographic patterns . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 77 ( 3 ) : 579 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putwain , D. W. 2009 . Assessment and examination stress in Key Stage 4 . British Educational Research Journal , 35 ( 3 ) : 391 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redmond , G. and Kattuman , P. 2001 . Employment polarisation and inequality in the UK and Hungary . Cambridge Journal of Economics , 25 : 467 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. , Maughan , B. , Mortimore , P. and Ouston , J. 1979 . Fifteen Thousand Hours: Secondary Schools and their Effects on Children , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sabates , R. 2007 . “ Education and juvenile crime: understanding the links and measuring the effects ” . In Youths and Social Capital , Edited by: Bynner , J. and Helve , H. London : Tufnell Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sabates , R. 2008 . Educational attainment and juvenile crime: area-level evidence using three cohorts of young people . British Journal of Criminology , 48 ( 3 ) : 395 – 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , L. , Smith , N. , Dearden , C. and Middleton , S. 2007 . A Child's-Eye View of Social Difference , York : Joseph Rowntree Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , R. G. , Kawachi , I. and Kennedy , B. P. 1998 . Mortality, the social environment, crime and violence . Social Health and Illness , 20 : 578 – 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , R. G. and Pickett , K. 2009 . The Spirit Level. Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better , London : Allen Lane/Penguin .
   Google Scholar