Responses of broilers to dietary zinc concentrations and sources in relation to environmental implications

References

• AOAC 1996 Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International 16th edn Gathersburg MD AOAC International
   Google Scholar
• Batal , AB , Parr , TM and Baker , DH . 2001 . Zinc bioavailability in tetrabasic zinc chloride and the dietary zinc requirement of young chicks fed a soy concentrate diet . Poultry Science , 80 : 87 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blamberg , DL , Blackwood , UB , Supplee , WC and Combs , GF . 1960 . Effect of zinc deficiency in hens on hatchability and embryonic development . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 104 : 217 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandeo-Neto , J , Stefan , V , Mendonca , B , Bloise , W and Castro , A . 1995 . The essential role of zinc in growth . Nutrition Research , 15 : 335 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra , RK and Au , B . 1980 . Single nutrient deficiency and cell-mediated immune responses. 1. Zinc . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 33 : 736 – 738 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coic Y Coppenet M 1989 Les oligo-elements en agriculture et elevage p. 114 Paris INRA editions
   Google Scholar
• Collins , NE and Moran , ET Jr . 1999a . Influence of supplemental manganese and zinc on live performance and carcass quality of broilers . Journal of Applied Poultry Research , 8 : 222 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , NE and Moran , ET Jr . 1999b . Influence of supplemental manganese and zinc on live performance and carcass quality of diverse broiler strains . Journal of Applied Poultry Research , 8 : 228 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dardenne M Bach JM 1993 Rationale for the mechanism of zinc interaction in the immune system in: Cunningham-Rundles, S. (Ed) Nutrient Modulation of the Immune Response 501 509 New York Marcel Dekker
   Google Scholar
• Dozier , WA III , Davis , AJ , Freeman , ME and Ward , TL . 2002 . Zinc and copper excretion of broiler chicks fed gradient concentrations of zinc and copper from three different sources . Poultry Science , 81 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 141
   Google Scholar
• Emmert , JL and Baker , DH . 1995 . Zinc stores in chickens delay the onset of zinc deficiency symptoms . Poultry Science , 74 : 1011 – 1021 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giordano , PM , Mortvedt , JJ and Mays , DA . 1975 . Effect of municipal wastes on crop yields and uptake of heavy metals . Journal of Environmental Quality , 4 : 394 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess , JB , Biligili , SF , Parson , AM and Downs , KM . 2001 . Influence of complexed zinc products on live performance and carcass grade of broilers . Journal of Applied Animal Research , 19 : 49 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , DA , Peo , ER Jr and Lewis , AJ . 1987 . Effect of zinc source and picolinic acid on 65zinc uptake and in vivo continuous flow perfusion system for pig and poultry intestinal segments . Journal of Nutrition , 117 : 1704 – 1707 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson , BP III , Dozier , WA , Wilson , JL and Ward , TL . 2003 . Effect of dietary zinc source on live performance of broilers resulting from 43-week old hens fed various levels and sources of zinc . Poultry Science , 82 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 129
   Google Scholar
• Kidd , MT , Anthony , NB and Lee , SR . 1992 . Progeny performance when dams and chicks are fed supplemental zinc . Poultry Science , 71 : 1201 – 1206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd , MT , Ferket , PR and Qureshi , MA . 1996 . Zinc metabolism with special reference to its role in immunity . World's Poultry Science Journal , 52 : 309 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxfield R Mindak B 1985 EPA Method Study 27, Method 200.7. EPA-600/S4-85/05. National Technical Information Service
   Google Scholar
• Mehring , AL Jr , Brumbaugh , JH and Titus , HW . 1956 . A comparison of the growth of chicks fed diets containing different quantities of zinc . Poultry Science , 35 : 956 – 958 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohanna , C and Nys , Y . 1999 . Effect of dietary zinc content and sources on the growth, body zinc deposition and retention, zinc excretion and immune response in chickens . British Poultry Science , 40 : 108 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council 1994 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 9th edn Washington DC National Academy Press
   Google Scholar
• O’Dell , BL . 1992 . Zinc plays both structural and catalytic roles in metalloproteins . Nutrition Reviews , 50 : 48 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Dell , BL and Savage , JE . 1960 . Effect of phytic acid on zinc availability . Proceedings of Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 103 : 304 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohki , K . 1984 . Zinc nutrition related to critical deficiency and toxicity levels for sorghum . Agronomy Journal , 76 : 253 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , LM . 1988 . Bioavailability of phosphorus from various phosphates based on body-weight and toe ash measurements . Poultry Science , 67 : 96 – 102 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanford , PE and Kawchumnong , R . 1972 . Organic chromium and zinc supplementation of broiler rations [Abstract] . Poultry Science , 51 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 1856
   Google Scholar
• SAS 1996 Statistical Analytical System User's Guide Version 6·12 Edn Cary NC SAS Institute, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Spears , JW . 1989 . Zinc methionine for ruminants: relative bioavailability of zinc in lambs and effects of growth and performance of growing heifers . Journal of Animal Science , 67 : 835 – 843 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallee BL Auld DS 1990 The metallobiochemistry of zinc enzymes in: Meister, A. (Ed) Advances in Enzymology 283 429 New York John Wiley
   Google Scholar
• Ward TL 2003 Zinpro Corp. Eden Prairie MN Personal communication
   Google Scholar
• Wedekind , KJ and Baker , DH . 1990 . Zinc bioavailability in feed-grade zinc sources . Journal of Animal Science , 68 : 684 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedekind , KJ , Hortin , AE and Baker , DH . 1992 . Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide . Journal of Animal Science , 70 : 178 – 187 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi , Z , Kornegay , ET and Denbow , DM . 1996 . Supplemental microbial phytase improves zinc utilization in broilers . Poultry Science , 75 : 540 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar