Improved early performance of turkey poults given an Aloe ferox leaf extract with bentonite

REFERENCES

• Crosswhite, F.S. & Crosswhite, C.D. (1984) Aloe vera, plant symbolism and the threshing floor. Desert Plants, 6: 43–50.
   Google Scholar
• Darabighane, B., Zarei, A., Shahneh, A.Z. & Mahdavi, A. (2011) Effects of different levels of Aloe vera gel as an alternative to antibiotic on performance and ileum morphology in broilers. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 10: e36. doi:10.4081/ijas.2011.e36
   Google Scholar
• Dikeman, C.L. & Fahey Jnr, G.C. (2006) Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46: 649–663. doi:10.1080/10408390500511862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerfler, R.E., Cain, L.D., Edens, F.W., Parkhurst, C.R., Qureshi, M.A. & Havenstein, G.B. (2000) D-xylose absorption as a measurement of malabsorption in poult enteritis and mortality syndrome. Poultry Science, 79: 656–660. doi:10.1093/ps/79.5.656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberts, T.J., Sample, R.H.B., Glick, M.R. & Ellis, G.H. (1979) A simplified, colorimetric micromethod for xylose in serum or urine, with phloroglucinol. Clinical Chemistry, 25: 1440–1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghahri, H., Talebi, A., Chamani, M., Lotfollahian, H. & Afzali, N. (2009) Ameliorative effect of esterified glucomannan, sodium bentonite, and humic acid on humoral immunity of broilers during chronic aflatoxicosis. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 33: 419–425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, M.A., Dekich, M.A., Latimer, K.S. & Fletcher, O.J. (1985) Quantitation of intestinal D-xylose absorption in normal broilers and in broilers with pale-bird syndrome. Avian Diseases, 29: 630–639. doi:10.2307/1590654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, M.A., Latimer, K.S. & Fletcher, O.J. (1984a) Quantitation of intestinal D-xylose absorption in normal turkeys. Poultry Science, 63: 1742–1747. doi:10.3382/ps.0631742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, M.A., Latimer, K.S., Nersessian, B.N. & Fletcher, O.J. (1984b) Quantitation of intestinal D-xylose absorption in normal and reovirus-inoculated turkeys. Avian Diseases, 28: 959–967. doi:10.2307/1590271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, R.B., Kubena, L.F. & Phillips, T.D. (1993) Evaluation of aluminosilicate compounds to reduce aflatoxin residues and toxicity to poultry and livestock: a review report. Science of the Total Environment, 134 (Suppl 2): 1453–1457. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(05)80150-0
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, I.K., Shareef, A.M. & Al-Joubory, K.M.T. (2000) Ameliorative effects of sodium bentonite on phagocytosis and Newcastle disease antibody formation in broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Research in Veterinary Science, 69: 119–122. doi:10.1053/rvsc.2000.0390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kametani, S., Kojima-Yuasa, A., Kikuzaki, H., Kennedy, D.O., Honzawa, M. & Matsui-Yuasa, I. (2007) Chemical constituents of cape aloe and their synergistic growth-inhibiting effect on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 71: 1220–1229. doi:10.1271/bbb.60659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaca, K., Sharma, J.M. & Nordgren, R. (1995) Nitric oxide production by chicken macrophages activated by acemannan, a complex carbohydrate extracted from Aloe vera. International Journal of Immunopharmacology, 17: 183–188. doi:10.1016/0192-0561(94)00102-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut, M.H. (2009) Impact of nutrition on the innate immune response to infection in poultry. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 18: 111–124. doi:10.3382/japr.2008-00081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loots, D.T., Pieters, M., Islam, M.S. & Botes, L. (2011) Antidiabetic effects of Aloe ferox and Aloe greatheadii var. davyana leaf gel extracts in a low-dose streptozotocin diabetes rat model. South African Journal of Science, 107: 532–537. doi:10.4102/sajs.v107i7/8.532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loots, D.T., Van Der Westhuizen, F.H. & Botes, L. (2007) Aloe ferox leaf gel phytochemical content, antioxidant capacity, and possible health benefits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55: 6891–6896. doi:10.1021/jf071110t
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel, H.R., Mcanalley, B.H. & Carpenter, R.H. (1994) The Basic Science and Principles for the Use of Acemannan in Clinical Medicine (Grand Prairie, TX, Fisher Institute for Medical Research at Dallas-Fort Worth Medical Center).
   Google Scholar
• Mehala, C. & Moorthy, M. (2008a) Production performance of broilers fed with Aloe vera and Curcuma longa (turmeric). International Journal of Poultry Science, 7: 852–856. doi:10.3923/ijps.2008.852.856
   Google Scholar
• Mehala, C. & Moorthy, M. (2008b) Effect of Aloe vera and Curcuma longa (turmeric) on carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 7: 857–861. doi:10.3923/ijps.2008.857.861
   Google Scholar
• Miazzo, R., Peralta, M.F., Magnoli, C., Salvano, M., Ferrero, S., Chiacchiera, S.M., Carvalho, E.C., Rosa, C.A. & Dalcero, A. (2005) Efficacy of sodium bentonite as a detoxifier of broiler feed contaminated with aflatoxin and fumonisin. Poultry Science, 84: 1–8. doi:10.1093/ps/84.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mmereole, F.U.C. (2011) Evaluation of the dietary inclusion of Aloe vera as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in broiler production. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 10: 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Morton, J.F. (1961) Folk uses and commercial exploitation of aloe leaf pulp. Economic Botany, 15: 311–319. doi:10.1007/BF02907852
   Google Scholar
• Nema, J., Shrivastava, S.K. & Mitra, N.G. (2012) Physicochemical study of acemannan polysaccharide in aloe species under the influence of soil reaction (pH) and moisture application. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 6: 132–136.
   Google Scholar
• Ni, Y., Yates, K.M. & Tizard, I.R. (2004) Aloe polysaccharides, in: Reynolds, T. (Ed.) Aloes: The Genus Aloes, pp. 75–87 (Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press).
   Google Scholar
• Noy, Y. & Sklan, D. (1999) Different types of early feeding and performance in chicks and poults. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 8: 16–24. doi:10.1093/japr/8.1.16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odo, B.O., Ekenyem, B.U. & Nwamo, A.C. (2010) Effects of Aloe vera as leaf protein concentrate on growth performance of cockerels. International Journal of Poultry Science, 9: 426–428. doi:10.3923/ijps.2010.426.428
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, T.D., Afriyie-Gyawu, E., Williams, J., Huebner, H., Ankrah, N.-A., Ofori-Adjei, D., Jolly, P., Johnson, N., Taylor, J., Marroquin-Cardona, A., Xu, L., Tang, L. & Wang, J.-S. (2008) Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: A review. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 25 (2): 134–145. doi:10.1080/02652030701567467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rateau, J.G., Morgant, G., Droy-Priot, M.T. & Parier, J.L.A. (1982) A histological, enzymatic and water-electrolyte study of the action of smectite, a mucoprotective clay, on experimental infectious diarrhoea in the rabbit. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 8: 233–241. doi:10.1185/03007998209109772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read-Snyder, J., Edens, F.W., Cantor, A.H., Pescatore, A.J. & Pierce, J.L. (2009) Effect of dietary selenium on small intestine villus integrity in reovirus-challenged broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 829–835. doi:10.3923/ijps.2009.829.835
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, T. & Dweck, A.C. (1999) Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 68: 3–37. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00085-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa, C.A.R., Miazzo, R., Magnoli, C., Salvano, M., Chiacchiera, S.M., Ferrero, S., Saenz, M., Carvalho, E.C.Q. & Dalcero, A. (2001) Evaluation of the efficacy of bentonite from the south of Argentina to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broilers. Poultry Science, 80: 139–144. doi:10.1093/ps/80.2.139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabeh, F., Wright, T. & Norton, S.J. (1996) Isozymes of superoxide dismutase from Aloe vera. Enzyme Protein, 49: 211–221.
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, R.E. (1985) Effects of pelleting, added sodium bentonite and fat in a wheat-based diet on performance and carcass characteristics of small white turkeys. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 12: 223–232. doi:10.1016/0377-8401(85)90016-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sas Institute (2004) Version 9.3. (Cary, NC, SAS Institute).
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, J., Karaca, K., Pertile, T. & Nordgren, R. (1993) Reduced viral immunodepression in chickens treated with an immunomodulator. Proceedings of the 130th Annual Meeting of American Veterinary Medical Association, Minneapolis, MN, pp. 153.
   Google Scholar
• Sheets, M.A., Unger, B.A., Giggleman, M. & Tizard, I.R. (1991) Studies of the effect of acemannan on retrovirus infections: clinical stabilization of feline leukemia virus-infected cats. Molecular Biotherapy, 3: 41–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sklan, D. (2001) Development of the digestive tract of poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 57: 415–428. doi:10.1079/WPS20010030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits, C.H.M. & Annison, G. (1996) Non-starch plant polysaccharides in broiler nutrition – towards a physiologically valid approach to their determination. World’s Poultry Science Journal, 52: 203–221. doi:10.1079/WPS19960016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits, C.H.M., Veldman, A., Verstegen, M.W.A. & Beynen, A.C. (1997) Dietary carboxymethylcellulose with high instead of low viscosity reduces macronutrient digestion in broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition, 127: 483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speranza, G., Morelli, C.F., Tubaro, A., Altinier, G., Durì, L. & Manitto, P. (2005) Aloeresin I, an anti-inflammatory 5-Methylchromone from cape aloe. Planta Medica, 71: 79–81. doi:10.1055/s-2005-837756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle-Paraso, M.G.R., Vidamo, P.J.S., Anunciado, R.V.P. & Lapitan, A.M. (2005) Effects of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) on the white blood cell count and antibody titre of broiler chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease. Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 42: 49–52.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J.S., Luo, H., Billam, M., Wang, Z., Guan, H., Tang, L., Goldston, T., Afriyie-Gyawu, E., Lovett, C., Griswold, J., Brattin, B., Taylor, R.J., Huebner, H.J. & Phillips, T.D. (2005) Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans. Food Additives & Contaminants, 22: 270–279. doi:10.1080/02652030500111129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Newman, R.K., Newman, C.W. & Hofer, P.J. (1992) Barley β-glucans alter intestinal viscosity and reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in chicks. Journal of Nutrition, 122: 2292–2297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles, M., Huebner, H., Afriyie-Gyawu, E., Taylor, R., Bratton, G. & Phillips, T. (2004) Toxicological evaluation and metal bioavailability in pregnant rats following exposure to clay minerals in the diet. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67: 863–874. doi:10.1080/15287390490425777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintola, O.A., Sunmonu, T.O. & Afolayan, A.J. (2011) Toxicological evaluation of aqueous extract of Aloe ferox Mill in loperamideinduced constipated rats. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 30: 425–431. doi:10.1177/0960327110372647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates, K.M., Rosenberg, L.J., Harris, C.K., Bronstad, D.C., King, G.K., Biehle, G.A., Walker, B., Ford, C.R., Hall, J.E. & Tizard, I.R. (1992) Pilot study of the effect of acemannan in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 35: 177–189. doi:10.1016/0165-2427(92)90130-I
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar