Dietary energy:protein ratio influences the efficiency of utilisation of dietary protein by growing turkeys

References

• Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. 2. 18th ed. Arlington, VA, USA: AOAC.
   Google Scholar
• Aviagen. 2015. “Feed Programmes for B.U.T. Commercial Turkeys”. Accessed April 2016, http://aviagenturkeys.us/uploads/2015/11/19/ati_commercial_feeding_recommendations_2010.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R. G. 1988. “Nutritional Constraints to Lean Tissue Accretion in Farm Animals.” Nutrition Research Reviews 1 (1): 233–253. doi:10.1079/NRR19880016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell, R. G., and A. C. Dunkin. 1983. “The Effects of Energy Intake and Dietary Protein on Protein Retention, Growth Performance, Body Composition and Some Aspects of Energy Metabolism of Baby Pigs.” British Journal of Nutrition 49 (2): 221–230. doi:10.1079/BJN19830029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner, and D. M. CURIC. 1985a. “The Influence of Feeding Level on the Protein Requirement of Pigs between 20 and 45 Kg Liveweight.” Animal Production 40: 489–496.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner, and D. M. Curic. 1985b. “Effect of Sex and Energy Intake between 48 and 90 Kg Live Weight on Protein Deposition in Growing Pigs.” Animal Production 40: 497–503.
   Google Scholar
• Emmans, G. C. 1994. “Effective Energy – A Concept of Energy Utilisation Applied across Species.” British Journal of Nutrition 71 (6): 801–821. doi:10.1079/BJN19940188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmans, G. C., and C. Fisher. 1986. “Problems in Nutritional Theory.” In Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutritional Research, edited by C. Fisher and K. N. Boorman, 9–39. London: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, M. F., and T. C. Wang. 1990. “Digestible Ideal Protein - a Measure of Dietary Protein Value.” Pig News and Information 11: 353–357.
   Google Scholar
• Gous, R. M., G. C. Emmans, L. A. Broadbent, and C. Fisher. 1990. “Nutritional Effects on the Growth and Fatness of Broilers.” British Poultry Science 31 (3): 495–505. doi:10.1080/00071669008417281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gous, R. M., A. S. Faulkner, and H. K. Swatson. 2018. “The Effect of Dietary Energy: Proteinratio, Protein Quality and Feed Allocation on the Efficiency of Utilization of Protein by Broiler Chickens.” British Poultry Science 59 (1): 100–109. doi:10.1080/00071668.2017.1390211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gous, R. M., C. Fisher, E. Tůmová, V. Machander, D. Chodová, J. Vlčková, L. Uhlířová, and M. Ketta. 2019a. “The Growth of Turkeys. 1. Growth of the Body and Feathers and the Chemical Composition of Growth.” British Poultry Science 60 (5): 539–547. doi:10.1080/00071668.2019.1622076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gous, R. M., C. Fisher, E. Tůmová, V. Machander, D. Chodová, J. Vlčková, L. Uhlířová, and M. Ketta. 2019b. “The Growth of Turkeys. 2. Body Components and Allometric Relationships.” British Poultry Science 60 (5): 548–553. doi:10.1080/00071668.2019.1622077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hybrid. 2019. “Commercial Nutrient Guidelines Calculator”. Accessed April 2019. https://resources.hybridturkeys.com/nutrition/commercial-guidelines
   Google Scholar
• Janssen, W. M. M., K. Terpstra, F. F. E. Beeking, and A. J. N. Bisalsky. 1982. Feeding Values for Poultry, 37–53. The Netherlands: Spelderholt Institute for Poultry Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kyriazakis, I., and G. C. Emmans. 1992a. “The Effects of Varying Protein and Energy Intakes on the Growth and Body Composition of Pigs: 1. The Effects of Energy Intake at Constant, High Protein Intake.” British Journal of Nutrition 68 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1079/BJN19920119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyriazakis, I., and G. C. Emmans. 1992b. “The Effects of Varying Protein and Energy Intakes on the Growth and Body Composition of Pigs: 2. The Effects of Varying Both Energy and Protein Intake.” British Journal of Nutrition 68 (3): 615–625. doi:10.1079/BJN19920120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeson, S., and J. D. Summers. 1980. “Production and Carcass Characteristics of the Large White Turkey.” Poultry Science 59 (6): 1237–1245. doi:10.3382/ps.0591237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, T. R., K. Al-Azzawi, R. M. Gous, and G. L. Simpson. 1987. “Effects of Protein Concentration on Responses to Dietary Lysine by Chicks.” British Poultry Science 28 (2): 185–195. doi:10.1080/00071668708416952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, T. R., R. M. Gous, and C. Fisher. 1999. “An Analysis of the Hypothesis that Amino Acid Requirements for Chicks Should Be Stated as a Proportion of Dietary Protein.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 55 (1): 7–22. doi:10.1079/WPS19990002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, T. R., and D. Njuru. 1990. “Protein Requirement of Fast- and slow-growing Chicks.” British Poultry Science 31 (4): 803–809. doi:10.1080/00071669008417311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NRC. 1994. “Nutrient Requirements of Poultry.” Ninth Revised Edition. Chapter: 3. Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys. Accessed April 2019. https://www.nap.edu/read/2114/chapter/5#36
   Google Scholar
• Poultry Hub. 2019. “Nutrient Requirements of Turkeys”. Accessed April 2019. http://www.poultryhub.org/nutrition/nutrient-requirements/nutrient-requirements-of-turkeys/
   Google Scholar
• Sandberg, F. B., G. C. Emmans, and I. Kyriazakis. 2005. “Partitioning of Limiting Protein and Energy in the Growing Pig: Testing Quantitative Rules against Experimental Data.” British Journal of Nutrition 93 (2): 213–224. doi:10.1079/BJN20041322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldkamp, T., R. P. Kwakkel, P. R. Ferket, and M. W. A. Verstegen. 2005. “Growth Responses to Dietary Energy and Lysine at High and Low Ambient Temperature in Male Turkeys.” Poultry Science 84 (2): 273–282. doi:10.1093/ps/84.2.273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VSN International. 2016. Genstat Version 18.2. VSNI Ltd. UK: Hemel Hempstead.
   Google Scholar