Importance of sub‐embryonic fluid and albumen in the embryo's response to turning of the egg during incubation

References

• Allen Ray , A. 1982 . SAS User's Guide: Statistics , Cary, North Carolina : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Betz , T.W. 1968 . The effects of embryonic pars distalis grafts and albumen on the growth of chick embryos . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 20 : 431 – 436 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carinci , P. and Manzoli‐Guidotti , L. 1968a . Ultracentrifugal and electrophoretic analysis of the water‐soluble fraction of chick embryo yolk . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 19 : 95 – 101 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carinci , P. and Manzoli‐Guidotti , L. 1968ft . Albumen absorption during chick embryogenesis . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 20 : 107 – 118 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deeming , D.C. 1989 . Characteristics of unturned eggs: A critical period, retarded embryonic growth and poor albumen utilisation . British Poultry Science , 30 : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeming , D.C. , Rowlett , K. and Simkiss , K. 1987 . Physical influences on embryo development . Journal of Experimental Zoology , : 341 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Deth , J.H.M.G. 1962 . Changes in the water, sodium and potassium distribution in the duck's egg during incubation . Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science , 40 : 173 – 189 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn , B.E. and Boone , M.A. 1976 . Growth of the chick embryo in vitro . Poultry Science , 55 : 1067 – 1071 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn , B.E. and Boone , M.A. 1977 . Growth and mineral content of cultured chick embryos . Poultry Science , 56 : 662 – 672 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn , B.E. and Boone , M.A. 1978 . Photographic study of chick embryo development in vitro . Poultry Science , 57 : 370 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias , S. 1964 . The sub‐embryonic liquid in the hen's egg . Review of Roumaine Embryology and Cytology , 1 : 165 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Foote , F.M. 1969 . Translocation of albumen in eggs and embryos of the quail, chick and duck . Poultry Science , 48 : 304 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geelhoed , S.E. and Conklin , J.L. 1966 . An electrophoretic study of proteins in chick embryonic fluids . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 162 : 257 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanan , E.B. 1927 . Absorption of vital dyes by the fetal membranes of the chick. I. Vital staining of the chick embryo by injections of Trypan blue into the air chamber . American Journal of Anatomy , 38 : 423 – 450 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirota , S. 1894 . On the sero‐amniotic connection and the foetal membranes in the chick . Journal of the College of Science, Tokyo Imperial University , 6 : 337 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , E. 1957 . Ontogenetic changes in the freezing point and sodium and potassium content of the sub‐germinal fluid and blood plasma of the chick embryo . Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology , 50 : 451 – 470 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein , N.W. 1968 . Growth and development of chick embryo explants on various protein substrates . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 168 : 239 – 256 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowry , O.H. , Rosenberg , N.J. , Farr , A.L. and Randall , R.J. 1951 . Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 193 : 265 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundy , H. 1969 . “ A review of the effects of temperature, humidity, turning and gaseous environment in the incubator on the hatchability of the hen's egg ” . In The Fertility and Hatchability Of The Hen's Egg , Edited by: Carter , T.C. and Freeman , B.M. 143 – 176 . Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd .
   Google Scholar
• Marshall , M.E. and Deutsch , H.F. 1950 . Some protein changes in the developing chick embryo . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 185 : 155 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIndoe , W.M. 1960 . Changes in the protein content of yolk during chick embryogenesis . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 8 : 47 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Mulkern , J.J. and Clegg , R.E. 1968 . Changes in the phosphoproteins of the yolk during the development of the chick embryo . Poultry Science , 47 : 644 – 648 .
   Google Scholar
• New , D.A.T. 1956 . The formation of sub‐blastodermic fluid in hens’ eggs . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 4 : 221 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• New , D.A.T. 1957 . A critical period for the turning of hens’ eggs . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 5 : 293 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Oegema , T.R. and Jourdian , G.W. 1974 . Metabolism of ovomucoid by the developing chick embryo . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 189 : 147 – 162 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patterson , J.T. 1909 . Gastrulation in the pigeon's egg—A morphological and experimental study . Journal of Morphology , 20 : 65 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , M.M. 1988 . A complete culture system for the chick embryo . Nature London , 331 : 70 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randles , C.A. and Romanoff , A.L. 1950 . Some physical aspects of the amnion and allantois of the developing chick embryo . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 114 : 87 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Romanoff , A.L. 1943 . Assimilation of avian yolk and albumen under normal and extreme incubating temperatures . Anatomical Record , 86 : 143 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Romanoff , A.L. 1960 . The Avian Embryo , New York : MacMillan .
   Google Scholar
• Romanoff , A.L. 1967 . Biochemistry Of The Avian Embryo , New York : Wiley‐Interscience .
   Google Scholar
• Rowlett , K. and Simkiss , K. 1987 . Explanted embryo culture: in vitro and in vivo techniques for domestic fowl . British Poultry Science , 28 : 91 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , B.F. , Joiner , B.L. and Ryan , T.A. 1985 . Minitab Handbook , 2nd edition , Boston : Duxbury Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ryle , M. 1957 . Studies on the influence of the embryonic environment on the post‐hatching development of chickens . Journal of Experimental Biology , 34 : 529 – 542 .
   Google Scholar
• Saito , Z. and Martin , W.G. 1966 . Ovalbumin and other water soluble proteins in avian yolk during embryogenesis . Canadian Journal of Biochemistry , 44 : 293 – 301 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saito , Z. , Martin , W.G. and Cook , W.H. 1965 . Changes in the major macro‐molecular fractions of egg yolk during embryogenesis . Canadian Journal of Biochemistry , 43 : 1755 – 1770 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlesinger , A.B. 1958 . The structural significance of the avian yolk in embryogenesis . Journal of Experimental Zoology , 138 : 223 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Skrivanek , J.D. 1964 . Assimilation of albumen in the chick embryo . American Zoologist , 4 : 403 – 404 .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , C.D. and MacKensie , D.B. 1983 . Sodium transport and the control of epiblast polarity in the early chick embryo . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 77 : 73 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tazawa , H. 1980 . Adverse effect of failure to turn the avian egg on the embryo oxygen exchange . Respiration Physiology , 41 : 137 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tullett , S.G. and Board , R.G. 1976 . Oxygen flux across the integument of the avian egg during incubation . British Poultry Science , 17 : 441 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tullett , S.G. and Deeming , D.C. 1987 . Failure to turn eggs during incubation; The effects on embryo weight, development of the chorioallantois and absorption of albumen . British Poultry Science , 28 : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell , D.A.J. , Tamm , I. , Forsman , O.C. and Horsfall , F.L. 1954 . A new count of allantoic cells of the 10‐day chick embryo . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 86 : 594 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , R.W. , Ketterer , B. and Hansen , I.A. 1964 . Pre‐albumins of embryonic chick plasma . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 12 : 439 – 443 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witschi , E. 1949 . “ Utilisation of the egg albumen by the avian fetus ” . In Contributions to Ornithological Biology, Wissenesch , 111 – 122 . Heidelberg : Carl Winter .
   Google Scholar