254
Views
266
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Gordon memorial lecture

Stress, strains and resistanceFootnote1

Pages 3-22 | Published online: 09 Nov 2007

References

  • Adams , B.M. 1968 . Effects of cortisol on growth and uric acid excretion in the chick . Journal of Endocrinology , 40 : 145 – 151 .
  • Adar , R. and Cohen , N. 1981 . “ Conditioned Immunopharmacologic Responses ” . In Psychoneuroimmunology , Edited by: Adar , R. 281 – 319 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Al‐Rawi , B. and Craig , J.V. 1975 . Agonistic behavior of caged chickens related to group size and area per bird . Applied Animal Ethology , 2 : 69 – 80 .
  • Assenmacher , I. 1973 . “ The peripheral endocrine glands ” . In Avian Biology , Edited by: Farner , D.S. and King , J.R. Vol. III , 186 – 286 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Balow , J.E. and Rosenthal , A.S. 1973 . Glucocorticoid suppression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor . Journal of Experimental Medicine , 137 : 1031 – 1039 .
  • Bartov , I. , Jensen , L.S. and Veltmann , J.R. 1980 . Effect of corticosterone and prolactin on fattening in broiler chicks . Poultry Science , 59 : 1328 – 1334 .
  • Baylé , J.D. 1967 . Reprecussions sur la corticosteronemie de la destruction de Peminence mediare combinee a la hypophysectomie ou a l'autogreffe hypophysaire chez canard . Compte Rendu Societie Biologic , 161 : 2559 – 2562 .
  • Baylé , J.D. , Boissin , J. and Assemacher , I. 1967 . Le taux plasmatique de la corticosterone libre chez l'oiseau apres hypophysectomie ou deconnexion hypothalamo‐hypophysaire . Comte Rendu Academie Science , Ser. D. 265 : 1524 – 1526 .
  • Beuving , G. and Vonder , G.M.A. 1977 . Daily rhythm of corticosterone in laying hens and the influence of egg laying . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 51 : 169 – 173 .
  • Beuving , G. and Vonder , G.M.A. 1978 . Effect of stressing factors on corticosterone levels in the plasma of laying hens . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 35 : 153 – 159 .
  • Bhattacharyya , T.K. and Sarkar , A.K. 1968 . Avian leuococyte responses induced by stress and corticoid inhibitors . Indian Journal of Experimental Biology , 6 : 26 – 28 .
  • Besedovsky , H.O. and Sorkin , E. 1977 . Network of immune‐neuroendocrine interactions . Clinical and Experimental Immunology , 27 : 1 – 12 .
  • Besedovsky , H.O. , Del Rey , A. , Sorkin , E. , Da Prada , M. and Keller , H.H. 1979 . Immunoregulation mediated by the sympathetic nervous system . Cell Immunology , 48 : 346 – 355 .
  • Biozzi , G. , Mouton , D. , Stiffel , C. and Bouthillier , Y. 1984 . A major role of the macrophage in quantitative genetic regulation of immunoresponsiveness and antiinfectious immunity . Advances in Immunology , 36 : 189 – 234 .
  • Blalock , J.E. 1984 . The immune system as a sensory organ . Journal of Immunology , 132 : 1067 – 1070 .
  • Boissin , J. 1967 . Le controle hypothalmo‐hypophsiare de la function corticosurrenalienne chez le canard . Journal Physiologie (Paris) , 59 : 432 – 444 .
  • Braun , W. , Masaaki , I. , Winchurch , R. and Webb , D. 1971 . Annals of the New fork Academy of Science , 185 : 417 – 422 .
  • Brown , K.I. 1961 . The validity of using plasma corticosterone as a measure of stress in the turkey . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 107 : 538 – 542 .
  • Brown , K.I. 1967 . “ Environmentally imposed stress ” . In Environmental Control in Poultry Production , Edited by: Carter , T.C. 101 – 113 . Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd .
  • Brown , K.I. , Brown , D.J. and Meyer , R.K. 1958 . The effect of surgical trauma, ACTH, and adrenal cortical hormones on electrolytes and gluconeogenesis in male chickens . American Journal of Physiology , 192 : 43 – 50 .
  • Brown , K.I. and Nestor , K.E. 1973 . Some physiological responses of turkeys selected for high and low adrenal response to cold stress . Poultry Science , 52 : 1948 – 1954 .
  • Cannon , W.B. 1929 . Bodily Changes in Pain, Fear and Rape: An Account of Recent Researches into the Function of Emotional Excitement, , 2nd edition , New York : Appelton .
  • Cohen , I.R. , Altmann , D.M. and Friedman , A. 1985 . The advantage of being a low responder . Immunology Today , 6 : 147 – 148 .
  • Chancellor , L.R. and Glick , B. 1960 . The effect of temperature as a stressor on white blood cells, adrenals and bursa of Fabricius of chickens . American Journal of Physiology , 198 : 1346 – 1348 .
  • Cook , M.R. 1991 . Nutrition and the immune response of the domestic fowl . Critical Reviews of Poultry Biology , 3 : 167 – 169 .
  • Conner , M.H. 1959 . Effect of various hormone preparations and nutritional stresses in chicks . Poultry Science , 38 : 1340 – 1343 .
  • Cravener , T.L. , Roush , W.B. and Mashaly , M.M. 1992 . Broiler production under varying population densities . Poultry Science , 71 : 427 – 133 .
  • Davidson , J.M. , Jones , L.E. and Levin , S. 1968 . Feedback regulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion in “basal” and “stress” conditions: Acute and chronic effects of intrahypothalamic corticoid implantation . Endocrinology , 82 : 655 – 663 .
  • Dougherty , T.F. 1952 . Effect of hormones on lymphatic tissue . Physiological Reviews , 32 : 379 – 403 .
  • Dumont , J.E. , Willems , C. , Van Sande , J. and Neve , P. 1971 . Regulation and release of thyroid hormones: The role of cyclic AMP . Annals of the New York Academy of Science , 185 : 291 – 316 .
  • Dunnington , E.A. , Briles , R.W. , Briles , W.E. , Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1984 . Allelic frequencies in eight alloantigen systems of chickens selected for high and low antibody response to sheep red blood cells . Poultry Science , 63 : 1470 – 1472 .
  • Dunnington , E.A. , Martin , A. , Briles , R.W. , Briles , W.E. , Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1989 . Antibody response to sheep erythrocytes for White Leghorn chickens differing in haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (B) . Animal Genetics , 20 : 213 – 216 .
  • Dunnington , E.A. , Martin , A. , Briles , W.E. , Briles , R.W. and Siegel , P.B. 1986 . Resistance to Marek's disease in chickens selected for high and low antibody responses to lower case “s” in sheep red blood cells . Archive für Geflügelkunde , 50 : 94 – 96 .
  • Edens , F.W. and Siegel , H.S. 1975 . Adrenal responses in high and low ACTH response lines of chickens during acute heat stress . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 25 : 64 – 73 .
  • Edens , F.W. , Thaxton , P. , Morgan , G.W. and Parkhurst , C.R. 1983 . Grouping in Japense quail. 2. Suppression and humoral immunity . Poultry Science , 62 : 2479 – 2485 .
  • Edminster , F.C. . Productivity of the ruffed grouse . Transactions of the 3rd North American Wildlife Conference . pp. 825 – 833 .
  • El‐Halawani , M.E. , Waibel , P.E. , Appel , J.R. and Good , A.L. 1973 . Effects of temperature stress on catecholamines and corticosterone of male turkeys . American Journal of Physiology , 224 : 384 – 388 .
  • Flickinger , G.L. 1961 . Effect of grouping on adrenals and gonads of chickens . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 1 : 332 – 340 .
  • Frankel , A.I. 1970 . Symposium: Recent advances in avian endocrinology. 4. Neurohumoral control of the avian adrenal, a review . Poultry Science , 49 : 869 – 921 .
  • Freeman , B.M. 1971 . Stress and the domestic fowl: A physiological appraisal . World's Poultry Science Journal , 27 : 263 – 275 .
  • Freeman , B.M. , Manning , A.C.C. and Flack , I.H. 1979 . Habituation by the immature fowl in response to repeated injections of corticotrophin . British Poultry Science , 20 : 391 – 399 .
  • Fuchs , E.J. and Matzinger , P. 1992 . B cells turn off virgin but not memory T cells . Science , 258 : 1156 – 1159 .
  • Gala , R.R. and Shevach , E.M. 1994 . Evidence for the release of a prolactin‐like substance by mouse lymphocytes and macrophages . Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine , 205 : 12 – 19 .
  • Ganong , W.F. 1963 . “ The central nervous system and the synthesis and release of adrenocortocotropic hormone ” . In Advances in Neuroendocrinology , Edited by: Nalbandov , A.V. 92 – 157 . Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois Press .
  • Garren , H.W. and Shaffner , C.S. 1954 . Factors concerned in the response of young New Hampshires to muscular fatigue . Poultry Science , 33 : 1095 – 1104 .
  • Garren , H.W. and Shaffner , C.S. 1956 . How the period of exposure to different stress stimuli effects the endocrine and lymphatic gland weights of young chickens . Poultry Science , 35 : 266 – 272 .
  • Gavora , J.S. and Spencer , J.L. 1983 . Breeding for immune responsiveness and disease resistance . Animal Blood Groups Biochemical Genetics , 14 : 159 – 180 .
  • Gillis , S. , Crabtree , G.R. and Smith , K.A. 1979 . Glucocorticoid‐induced inhibition of T cell growth factor production. 1. The effect of nitrogen‐induced lymphocyte proliferation . Journal of Immunology , 123 : 1624 – 1631 .
  • Glick , B. 1957 . Experimental modification of the growth of the bursa of Fabricius . Poultry Science , 36 : 18 – 25 .
  • Glick , B. 1967 . Antibody and gland studies in cortisone and ACTH‐injected birds . Journal of Immunology , 98 : 1067 – 1084 .
  • Glick , B. and Olah , I. 1993 . Bursal secretory dendritic‐like cell: A microenvironment issue . Poultry Science , 72 : 1262 – 1266 .
  • Gould , N.R. and Siegel , H.S. 1977 . Endogenous corticosteroid binding to cytoplasm and nuclei of bursal lymphoid cells . Poultry Science , 56 : 1718
  • Gould , N.R. and Siegel , H.S. 1978a . Binding capacity and association constant of chicken CBG. Age and sex effect . Poultry Science , 57 : 778 – 784 .
  • Gould , N.R. and Siegel , H.S. 1978b . Partial purification and characterization of chicken corticosteroid‐binding globulin . Poultry Science , 57 : 1733 – 1739 .
  • Gould , N.R. and Siegel , H.S. 1980 . Effect of ACTH on binding of endogenous corticosteroids by chicken bursal cells . Poultry Science , 59 : 1935 – 1940 .
  • Gould , N.R. and Siegel , H.S. 1981 . Viability of an corticosteroid binding to lymphocytes of various tissues after adrenocorticotropin injection . Poultry Science , 60 : 891 – 893 .
  • Gross , W.B. 1962 . Blood cultures, blood counts, and temperature records in experimentally produced “air sac disease” and uncomplicated Escherichia coli infection of chickens . Poultry Science , 41 : 691 – 700 .
  • Gross , W.B. 1972 . Effect of social stress on occurrence of Marek's disease in chickens . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 33 : 2275 – 2279 .
  • Gross , W.B. 1979 . Comparison of dose effect of sheep red blood cells on antibody response in two lines of chickens . Avian Disease , 23 : 526 – 528 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Colmano , G. 1965 . Effect of social isolation on resistance to some infectious agents . Poultry Science , 48 : 514 – 520 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Colmano , G. 1971 . Effect of infectious agents on chickens selected for plasma corticosterone response to social stress . Poultry Science , 50 : 1213 – 1217 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1973 . Effect of social stress and steroids on antibody production . Avian Disease , 17 : 807 – 185 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1975 . Immune response to . Escherichia coli. American Journal of Veterinary Research , 36 : 568 – 571 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1979 . Adaptation of chickens to their handler, and experimental results . Avian Diseases , 23 : 708 – 714 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1980 . Effects of early environmental stresses on chicken body weight, antibody response to RBC antigens, feed efficiency, and response to fasting . Avian Disease , 24 : 569 – 579 .
  • Gross , W.B. and Siegel , H.S. 1983 . Evaluation of the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a measure of stress in chickens . Avian Disease , 27 : 972 – 979 .
  • Gross , W.B. , Siegel , P.B. , Domermuth , C.H. and Dubose , R.T. 1980 . Production and persistence of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. 2. Resistance to infectious disease . Poultry Science , 59 : 205 – 210 .
  • Gyles , N.R. , Fallah‐Moghaddam , H. , Patterson , L.T. , Skeeles , J.K. , Whitfill , C.E. and Johnson , L.W. 1986 . Genetic aspect of antibody response in chickens to different classes of antigens . Poultry Science , 65 : 223 – 232 .
  • Haddad , E.E. and Mashaly , M.M. 1991 . In vivo effects of TRH, T3 and cGH on antibody production and T‐and B‐lymphocyte proliferation in immature male chickens . Immunobgical Investigations , 20 : 557 – 568 .
  • Hall , R.D. , Gross , W.B. , Turner , E.C. and Siegel , P.B. 1978 . Initial observations on the effect of corticosterone and inbred antibody competency in chickens on population development of the Northern feather mite . Poultry Science , 57 : 1728 – 1732 .
  • Hansson , V.E. , Ritzen , E.M. , Weddington , S.C. , McLean , W.S. , Tindall , D. J. , Nayfeh , S.N. and French , F.S. 1974 . Preliminary characterization of a binding protein for androgen in rabbit serum comparison with the testosterone‐binding globulin (TBG) in human serum . Endocrinology , 95 : 690 – 700 .
  • Heller , E.D. , Uni , Z. and Bacon , L.D. 1991 . Serological evidence for major histocompatability complex (B complex) antigens in broilers selected for humoral immune responses . Poultry Science , 70 : 726 – 732 .
  • Hendricks , G.L. , Siegel , H.S. and Mashaly , M.M. 1991 . Ovine corticotropin‐releasing factor increases endocrine and immunological activity of avian leukocytes in vivo . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 196 : 390 – 395 .
  • Hendricks , G.L. , Mashaly , M.M. and Siegel , H.S. in press . Validation of an assay to measure ACTH in plasma leukocytes of chickens . Poultry Science ,
  • Henken , A.M. , Verstegen , W.A. , Van DER Hel , W. and Knol , E.F. . The effect of environmental temperature on immune response and metabolism of the young chicken. 6. Effect of environmental temperature on heat production in pullets in relation to feeding levels . Proceedings 9th Symposium on Metabolism in Farm Animals . Lillihammer, Norway.
  • Holmes , W.N. and Phillips , J.G. 1976 . “ The adrenal cortex of birds ” . In General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex , Edited by: Chester‐Jones , I. and Henderson , I.W. Vol. 1 , 292 – 420 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Horn , E.E. 1938 . Factors in nesting losses of California valley quail . Transactions 3rd North American Wildlife Conference , : 741 – 746 .
  • Jeroxen , E. , Isometsa , P. , Hissa , R. and Pyornila , A. 1976 . Effect of acute temperature stress on the plasma catecholamine, corticosterone and metabolite levels in the pigeon . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 55C : 17 – 22 .
  • Juszkiewicz , T. , Kafel , S. , Madeejski , Z. , Stefaniak , B. and Gorzelewska , K. 1967 . Pathophysiology of the pituitary‐adrenal axis in birds. I. Effects of ACTH, shaking and infection with Salmonella gallinarium on some stress indicators . Polish Archives Weter , 8 : 370 – 382 .
  • Kelley , K.W. 1983 . Immunobiology of domestic animals as affected by hot and cold weather . Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers , 26 : 834 – 840 .
  • Kemeny , A. , Kemeny , V. , Kozma , M. and Vecsei , P. 1966 . Effect of thermal stress on steriodogenesis by chicken adrenal tissue in vitro with 3H‐pregnenolone as precusor . Endokrinologie , 50 : 182 – 187 .
  • Kobayashi , H. and Wada , M. 1973 . “ Neuroendocrinology in birds ” . In Avian Biology , Edited by: Farner , D.S. and King , J.R. Vol. 3 , 287 – 347 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Krieger , D.T. 1983 . Brain peptides: What, where why? . Science , 222 : 975 – 985 .
  • Kuhn , E.R. and Nouwen , E.J. 1978 . Serum levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the domestic fowl following mild cold exposure and injection of synthetic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 34 : 336 – 342 .
  • Lamont , S.J. 1989 . The chicken major histocompatability complex in disease resistance and poultry breeding . Journal of Dairy Science , 72 : 1328 – 1333 .
  • Latimer , J.W. , Siegel , H.S. and Mitchell , B.W. 1981 . A harness for repeated blood sampling of unrestrained chickens . Poultry Science , 60 : 2353 – 2355 .
  • Leibovitch , S.J. and Ross , R. 1973 . The role of the macrophage in wound repair. A study with hydrocortisone and anti‐macrophage serum . American Journal of Pathology , 78 : 71 – 78 .
  • Lepkovsky , S. , Chari‐Bitron , A. , Lyman , R.L. and Dimick , M.K. 1960 . Food intake, water intake and body water regulation . Poultry Science , 39 : 390 – 394 .
  • Lillehoj , H.S. , Raspers , B. , Jenkins , M.C. and Lillehoj , E.P. 1992 . Avian interferon and interleukin‐2. A review by comparison with mammalian homologues . Poultry Science Reviews , 4 : 67 – 85 .
  • Lockhard , V.G. , Grogan , J.B. and Brunson , J.G. 1973 . Alterations in the bactericidal ability of rabbit alveolar macrophages as a result of tumbling stress . American Journal of Pathology , 78 : 57 – 62 .
  • Ma , R.C.S. and Nalbandov , A.V. 1963 . “ Physiology of the pituitary glands as affected by transplantation of stalk secretion ” . In Advances in Neuroendocrinology , 306 – 313 . Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois Press .
  • Marsh , J.A. , Dietert , R.R. and Combs , G.F. Jr. 1981 . Influence of dietary selenium and vitamin E on the humoral immune response of the chick . Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine , 166 : 228 – 238 .
  • Mashaly , M.M. , Webb , M.L. , Youtz , S.L. , Roush , W.B. and Graves , H.B. 1984 . Changes in serum corticosterone concentration of laying hens as a response to increased population density . Poultry Science , 63 : 2271 – 2274 .
  • McEwen , B.S. , Weiss , J.M. and Schartz , L.S. 1970 . Retention of corticosterone by cell nuclei from brain regions of adrenalectomized rats . Brian Research , 17 : 471 – 477 .
  • McFarlane , J.M. and Curtis , S.E. 1989 . Multiple concurrent stressors in chicks. 3. Effects on plasma corticosterone and heterophiklymphocyte ratio . Poultry Science , 68 : 522 – 527 .
  • Meier , A.H. , Trobec , T.N. , Joseph , M.M. and John , T.M. 1971 . Temporal synergism of prolactin and adrenal steroids in the regulation of fat stores . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 137 : 408 – 415 .
  • Miller , R.A. and Riddle , O. 1942 . Rest, activity and repair in cortical cells of the pigeon adrenal . Anatomical Record , 75 : 103
  • Morgan , G.W. , Thaxton , P. and Edens , F.W. 1976 . Reduced symptoms of anaphylaxis in chickens by ACTH and heat . Poultry Science , 55 : 1498 – 1504 .
  • Nagra , C.L. and Meyer , R.K. 1963 . Influence of corticosterone on the metabolism of palmitate and glucose in cockereh . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 3 : 131 – 138 .
  • Nagra , C.L. , Bernie , J.G. , Baum , GJ. and Meyer , R.K. 1963 . The role of the pituitary in regulating steroid secretion by the avian adrenal . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 3 : 131 – 138 .
  • Newcomer , W.S. 1958 . Physiologic factors which influence acidophilia induced by stressors in the chicken . American Journal of Physiology , 194 : 251 – 254 .
  • Nir , I. , Yam , D. and Perek , M. 1975 . Effects of stress on the corticosterone contents of the blood plasma and adrenal gland of intact and bursectomized . Gallus domesticus. Poultry Science , 54 : 2101 – 2110 .
  • Pavlidis , N. and Chirigos , M. 1980 . Stress‐induced impairment of macrophage tumericidal function . Psychosomatic Medicine , 42 : 47 – 60 .
  • Péczely , P. , Baylé , J.D , Boissin , J. and Assenmacher , I. 1970 . Activite corticotrope et “CRF” dans l'eminance mediante, et. activite corticotrope de greffes hypophysiares chez pigeon . Compte Rendu Academie Science , 270 : 3264 – 3267 .
  • Pevzner , I.V. , Stone , H.A. and Nordskog , A.W. 1981 . Immune response and disease resistance in chickens. I. Selection for high and low titer to Salmonella pullorum antigen . Poultry Science , 60 : 920 – 926 .
  • Pinard , M.‐H. 1992 . “ Selection for immunoresponsiveness in chickens: Effects of the major histocompatability complex and resistance to Marek's disease ” . Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Agricultural University . Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Pinard , M.‐H. , Van Arendonk , J.A.M. , Nieuwland , M.G.B. and Vander Zijpp , A.J. 1992 . Divergent selection for immune responsiveness in chickens: Estimation of realized heritability with an animal model . Journal of Animal Science , 70 : 2986 – 2993 .
  • Pinard , M.‐H. , Van Arekdonk , J.A.M. , Nieuwland , M.G.B. and Van der Zijpp , A.J. 1993 . Divergent selection for immune responsiveness in chickens: Distribution and effect of major histocompatability types . Genetic Selection and Evolution , 25 : 191 – 203 .
  • Ram , T. and Hutt , F.B. 1955 . The relative importance of body temperature and lymphocytes in genetic resistance to Salmonella pullorum in fowl . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 16 : 437 – 454 .
  • Regnier , J.A. and Kelley , K.W. 1981 . Heat‐ and cold‐stress suppresses in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responses of chickens . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 42 : 294 – 299 .
  • Regnier , J.A. , Kelley , K.W. and Gaskins , G.T. 1980 . Acute thermal stressors and synthesis of antibody in chickens . Poultry Science , 59 : 985 – 990 .
  • Resko , J.A. , Norton , H.W. and Nalbandov , A.V. 1964 . Endocrine control of the adrenal in chickens . Endocrinology , 75 : 192 – 200 .
  • Riddle , O. 1937 . On carbohydrate metabolism in pigeons . Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology , 5 : 362 – 374 .
  • Rindoni , T.H. and Selye , H. 1953 . Inflammation is influenced by topical blockage of reticulo‐endothelial system . British Journal of Experimental Pathology , 34 : 674 – 680 .
  • Robinson , G.A. and Sutherland , E.W. 1971 . Cyclic AMP and the function of eukaryotic cells: An introduction . Annab of the New York Academy of Science , 185 : 5 – 9 .
  • Salem , M.H.R. , Norton , H.W. and Nalbandov , A.V. 1970 . A study of ACTH and CRF in chickens . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 14 : 270 – 280 .
  • Sandor , T. , Fazekas , A.G. and Robinson , B.H. 1976 . “ The biosynthesis of corticosteroids throughout the vertebrates ” . In General and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Crotex , Edited by: Chester‐Jones , I. and Henderson , I.W. 25 – 142 . New York : Academic Press .
  • Selye , H. 1936 . A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents . Nature (London) , 138 : 32
  • Selye , H. 1937 . Studies on adaptation . Endocrinology , 21 : 169 – 188 .
  • Selye , H. 1950 . The Physiology and Pathology of Exposure to Stress , Montreal : Acta, Inc. .
  • Selye , H. 1963 . “ Stress and the adaptation syndrome ” . In Cyclopedia of Medicine, Surgery and Specialties , Vol. XIII , 365 – 366F . New York : F.A. Davis Company .
  • Sharma , J.M. and Coulson , B.D. 1979 . Presence of natural killer cells in specific pathogen‐free chickens . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 63 : 527 – 531 .
  • Shapiro , A.B. and Schechtman , A.M. 1949 . Effect of adrenal cortical extract on the blood picture and serum proteins of the fowl . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 70 : 440 – 445 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1959 . The relation between crowding and weight of adrenal glands in chickens . Ecology , 40 : 495 – 498 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1960 . Effect of population density on the pituitary‐adrenal cortical axis of cockerels . Poultry Science , 39 : 500 – 510 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1962a . Age and sex modification of responses to adrenocorticotropin in young chickens. II. Changes in adrenal cholesterol and blood constituent levels . Poultry Science , 41 : 321 – 334 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1962b . Critical ages for responses to ACTH in chicks . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 2 : 385 – 388 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1965 . Genetic and age variation in responses to ACTH and hydrocortisone . Poultry Science , 44 : 1415
  • Siegel , H.S. 1968 . Blood cells and chemistry of young chickens during ACTH and cortisol administration . Poultry Science , 47 : 1811 – 1817 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1971 . Adrenals, stress, and the environment . World's Poultry Science Journal , 27 : 237 – 349 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1980 . Physiological stress in birds . BioScience , 30 : 529 – 533 .
  • Siegel , H.S. 1985 . Immunological responses as indicators of stress . World's Poultry Science Journal , 41 : 36 – 44 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Beane , W.L. 1961 . Time responses to single intramuscular doses of ACTH . Poultry Science , 40 : 216 – 219 .
  • Siegel , P.B. and Dudley , D.S. 1963 . Comb type, behavior and body weight in chickens . Poultry Science , 42 : 516 – 522 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Gould , N.R. 1976 . Chick embryonic plasma proteins and corticosterone binding capacity . Developmental Biology , 50 : 510 – 516 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Gould , N.R. 1982 . Corticosteroid binding to lymphocytes of various tissues in growth birds subjected to high temperatures . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 48 : 348 – 354 .
  • Siegel , P.B. and Gross , W.B. 1980 . Production and persistence of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes . Poultry Science , 59 : 1 – 5 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Latimer , J.W. 1970 . Bone and blood calcium responses to adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and low environmental temperature in young chickens . Proceedings of World's Poultry Congress (Madrid) , 14 : 453 – 463 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Latimer , J.W. 1974 . Antibody responses in growing chickens fed o,p'‐DDD and injected with ACTH . American Zoologist , 14 : 1304
  • Siegel , H.S. and Latimer , J.W. 1975 . Social interactions and antibody titres in young male chickens . Animal Behaviour , 23 : 323 – 330 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Latimer , J.W. . Methodology for behavioral observation and remote blood sampling of hens in single and multi‐bird cages . Proceedings of the Conference on Human‐Animal Bond . Minneapolis. University of Minnesota .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Latimer , J.W. 1984 . Interaction of high temperature and Salmonella pullorum antigen concentration on serum agglutinin and corticosteroid responses in White Rock chickens . Poultry Science , 63 : 2483 – 2491 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Siegel , P.B. 1961 . The relationship of social competition with endocrine gland weights and activity in male chickens . Animal Behaviour , 9 : 151 – 158 .
  • Siegel , H.S. and Van Kampen , M. 1984 . Energy relationships in growing chickens given daily injections of corticosterone . British Poultry Science , 25 : 471 – 485 .
  • Siegel , H.S. , Gould , N.R. and Latimer , J.W. 1985 . Splenic leukocytes from chickens injected with Salmonella pullorum antigen stimulate production of corticosteroids by isolated adrenal cells . Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine , 178 : 523 – 530 .
  • Siegel , H.S. , Henken , A.M. , Verstegen , M.W.A. and Van der Hel , W. 1982 . Heat production during the induction of an immune response to sheep red blood cells in growing pullets . Poultry Science , 61 : 2296 – 2300 .
  • Siegel , H.S. , Latimer , J.W. and Gould , N.R. 1980 . Half‐life, metabolic clearance rates and production rates of corticosteroid in unrestrained White Rock females given ACTH . Poultry Science , 59 : 1572
  • Siegel , H.S. , Latimer , J.W. and Gould , N.R. 1983 . Concentration of Salmonella pullorum antigen and the immunosuppressive effect of ACTH on growing chickens . Poultry Science , 62 : 897 – 903 .
  • Siegel , H.S. , Marks , H.L. and Latimer , J.W. 1984 . Agglutinin responses to Salmonella pullorum in Japanese quail selected for plasma cholesterol responses to ACTH and a model describing the dynamics of the response . Poultry Science , 63 : 1892 – 1894 .
  • Siegel , H.S. , Mashaly , M.M. , Briles , W.E. , Ljllehoj , H.W. , Siegel , P.B. and Dunnington , E.A. 1994 . Lymphocyte and ACTH responses after antigen stimulation in B‐G congenic lines selected for antibody response to SRBC . Poultry Science , 73 (Suppl.) : 162
  • Siegel , H.S. , Mitchell , B.W. , Gould , N.R. , Latimer , J.W. and Wilson , R.L. 1976 . Circadian rhythms for corticosterone, corticosteroid binding capacity, plasma glucose, heart rate, respirations rate and body temperature in White Rock males . Proceedings of the European Poultry Congress , 5 : 1050 – 1061 .
  • Siegel , H.S. , Parmentier , H.K. , Nieuwland , M.G.B. , Van der Hel , W. and Brandsma , H.A. 1992a . Differences in lymphocyte subpopulations in two lines of chickens selected for antibody response after immunisation and heat stress . Poultry Science , 71 : 113
  • Siegel , H.S. , Parmentier , H.K. , Nieuwland , M.G.B. , Van der Hel , W. and Brandsma , H.A. 1992b . Differences in rectal temperature, corticosterone and heat stress in two lines of chickens selected for antibody responses after immunization and heat stress . Poultry Science , 71 (Suppl.) : 120
  • Sieminski‐Brodzina , L.M. and Mashaly , M.M. 1989 . Morphological characterization of the avian natural killer (NK) cell and its modulation by ovine prolactin (oRPL) . Poultry Science , 68 (Suppl. 1) : 133
  • Sinha , S.K. , Hanson , P.R. and Brandly , C.A. 1957 . Effect of environmental temperature upon facility of aerosol transmission of infection and severity of Newcastle disease among chickens . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 100 : 162 – 166 .
  • Soerjadi , A.S. , Druitt , J.H. , Lloyd , A.B. and Cumming , R.B. 1979 . Effect of environmental temperature on susceptibility of young chickens to . Salmonella typhimurium. Australian Veterinary Journal , 55 : 413 – 419 .
  • Smith , E.M. and Blalock , J.B. 1981 . Human lymphocyte production of corticotropin and endorphin‐like substances: Association with leukocyte interferon . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (USA) , 78 : 7530 – 7534 .
  • Smith , E.M. , Meyer , W.J. and Blalock , J.E. 1982 . Virus‐induced corticosterone in hypophysectomized mice: A possible lymphoid adrenal axis . Science , 218 : 1311 – 1312 .
  • Snedecor , J.G. , King , D.B. and Hendrikson , R.C. 1963 . Studies on the chick glycogen body: Effects of hormones and normal glycogen turnover . General and Comparative Endocrinology , 3 : 176 – 183 .
  • Stamler , J. , Pick , R. and Katz , L.N. 1954 . Effects of cortisone, hydrocortisone and corticosterone on lipemia, glycemia and atherogenesis in cholesterol fed chicks . Circulation , 10 : 237 – 246 .
  • Sturkie , P.D. and Lin , U.C. 1968 . Sex differences in blood norepinephrine of chickens . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , 24 : 1073 – 1075 .
  • Subba Rao , D.S.V. and Glick , B. 1977 . Effect of cold exposure on the immune response of chickens . Poultry Science , 56 : 992 – 996 .
  • Sullivan , D.A. and Wira , C.R. 1979 . Sex hormone and glucocorticoid receptor in the bursa of Fabricius of immature chicks . Journal of Immunology , 122 : 2617 – 2623 .
  • Talmadge , D.W. and Claman , H.N. 1964 . “ Cell potential: Its mutation and selection ” . In Thymus in Immunobiology , Edited by: Good , R.E. and Gabrielsen , A.E. 49 – 68 . New York : Harper and Roe .
  • Thaxton , P. and Briggs , D.M. 1972 . Effect of immobilization and formaldehyde on immunological responsiveness in young chickens . Poultry Science , 51 : 342 – 346 .
  • Thaxton , P. and Siegel , H.S. 1970 . Immunodepression in young chickens by high environmental temperature . Poultry Science , 49 : 202 – 205 .
  • Thaxton , P. and Siegel , H.S. 1972 . Depression of secondary immunity by high environmental temperature . Poultry Science , 51 : 1519 – 1526 .
  • Thaxton , P. and Siegel , H.S. 1973 . Modification of high temperature and ACTH induced immunodepression by metyrapone . Poultry Science , 52 : 618 – 624 .
  • Thaxton , P. , Wyatt , R.D. and Hamilton , P.B. 1974 . The effect of environmental temperature on parathyroid infection in the neonatal chicken . Poultry Science , 53 : 88 – 91 .
  • Thompson , D.L. , Elgert , K.D. , Gross , W.B. and Siegel , P.B. 1980 . Cell‐mediated immunity in Marek's disease virus‐infected chickens genetically selected for high and low concentrations of plasma corticosterone . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 41 : 91 – 94 .
  • Thompson , E.B. and Lippman , M.E. 1974 . Mechanism of action of glucocorticoids . Metabolism , 23 : 159 – 202 .
  • Tizard , I. 1987 . Veterinary Immunology, , Third Edition , Philadelphia, PA : W.B. Saunders .
  • Trout , J.M. 1992 . “ The effects of different antigens and stressors on the distribution of chicken T‐ and B‐lymphocyte populations, and corticosterone effects on lymphocyte proliferation ” . 163 The Pennsylvania State University . Ph.D. Thesis,
  • Trout , J.M. , Mashaly , M.M. and Siegel , H.S. 1988a . Changes in the profiles of circulating white blood cells, corticosterone, T3 and T4 during the initiation of humoral immunity in immature chickens . Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 12 : 331 – 346 .
  • Trout , J.M. , Mashaly , M.M. and Siegel , H.S. 1988b . Changes in heterophils following antigen injection in immature male chickens . Poultry Science , 67 : 1775 – 1777 .
  • Urist , M.R. and Deutsch , N.M. 1960 . Effects of cortisone upon blood, adrenal cortex, gonads and the development of osteoporosis in birds . Endocrinology , 66 : 805 – 818 .
  • Van der Zijpp , A.J. 1983 . Breeding for immune responsiveness and disease resistance . World's Poultry Science Journal , 39 : 118 – 131 .
  • Van der Zijpp , A.J. and Leenstra , F.R. 1980 . Genetic analysis of humoral immune response of White Leghorn chicks . Poultry Science , 59 : 1363 – 1367 .
  • Van der Zijpp , A.J. , Blankert , J.J. , Egberts , E. and Tilanus , M.GJ. 1988 . “ Advances in genetic disease resistance in poultry ” . In Advances in Animal Breeding , Edited by: Kover , S. , Van der Steen , H.A.M. , Van Arendonk , J.A.M. , Barker , H. , Braschamp , E.W. and Dommerholt . 131 – 138 . Wageningen, , The Netherlands : Pudoc .
  • Vleck , C.M. 1993 . “ Hormones, reproduction and behaviour in birds in the Sonoran desert ” . In Avian Endocrinology , Edited by: Sharp , P.J. 73 – 86 . Bristol : Society for Endocrinology .
  • Werb , Z. , Foley , R. and Munck , A. 1978 . Interactions of glucocorticoids with macrophages. Identification of Glucocorticoid receptors in monocytes and macrophages . Journal of Experimental Medicine , 147 : 1684 – 1689 .
  • Westphal , U. 1969 . “ Assay and properties of corticosteroid‐binding‐globulin ” . In Methods of Enzymology , Edited by: Clayton , R.B. Vol. 15 , 761 – 796 . New York : Academic Press .
  • This lecture, the 12th given in memory of the late Dr R. F. Gordon was delivered at the World Poultry Science Association Spring Meeting, Scarborough, on the 23rd of March, 1994.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.