References
- Aschoff , J. and Pohl , H. 1970 . Der Ruheumsatz von Vögeln als Funktion der Tageszeit und Körpergröße . Journal of Ornithology , 111 : 38 – 47 .
- Barré , H. , Geloen , A. , Chatonnet , J. , Dittmar , A. and Rouanet , J.L. 1985 . Potentiated muscular thermcgenesis in cold‐acclimated Muscovy duckling . American Journal of Physiology , 249 (Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology, 18): R533‐R538.
- Barré , H. , Cohen‐Adad , F. , Duchamp , C. and Rouanet , J.L. 1986 . Multilocular adipocytes from Muscovy ducklings differentiated in response to cold acclimation . Journal of Physiology , 375 : 27 – 38 .
- Barré , H. , Bailly , L. and Rouanet , J.L. 1987 . Increased oxidative capacity in skeletal muscles from cold‐acclimated ducklings: A comparison with rats . Comparative Biochemistry Physiology , 88B : 519 – 522 .
- Cain , B.W. 1972 . Cold‐hardiness and the development of homeothermy in young Blackbellied Tree Ducks . Wilson Bulletin , 84 : 483 – 485 .
- Causton , D.R. 1989 . “ The exponential and related functions of biological importance ” . In A Biologist's Basic Mathematics (A series of student texts in contemporary biology) , 148 – 168 . London : Edward Arnold .
- Dietz , M.W. and Van Kampen , M. 1994 . The development of thermoregulation in turkey and guinea fowl hatchlings: similarities and differences . Journal of Comparative Physiology B , 164 : 69 – 75 .
- Donkin , R.A. 1989 . The Muscovy Duck—Cairina moschata domesticA&Mdash;Origins, dispersal and associated aspects of the geography of domestication , Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
- Duchamp , C. and Barré , H. 1993 . Skeletal muscle as the major site of nonshivering thermogenesis in cold‐acclimated ducklings . American Journal of Physiology 265 (Regulatory Integrative Comparative Physiology , 34 : R1076 – R1083 .
- Emmans , G.C. 1987 . Growth, body composition and feed intake . World's Poultry Science Journal , 43 : 209 – 227 .
- Grav , H.J. , Borch‐Iohnsen , B. , Dahl , H.A. , Gabrielsen , G.W. and Steen , J.B. 1988 . Oxidative capacity of tissues contributing to thermogenesis in Eider (Somateria mollisima) ducklings: changes associated with hatching . Journal of Comparative Physiology B , 158 : 513 – 518 .
- Hester , P.Y. and Stevens , R.W.C. 1990 . Food restriction of turkey breeder hens—Review . Poultry Science , 69 : 1439 – 1446 .
- Hughes , B.L. and Jones , J.E. 1980 . Diet regimes for growing guineas as meat birds . Poultry Science , 59 : 582 – 582 .
- Huxley , J. S. 1932 . Problems of Relative Growth , London : Methuen & Co. .
- Kear , J. 1965 . The internal food reserves of hatching mallard ducklings . Journal of Wildlife Management , 29 : 523 – 528 .
- Kendeigh , S.C. 1970 . Energy requirements for existence in relation to size of bird . Condor , 72 : 60 – 65 .
- King , J.R. and Murphy , M.E. 1985 . Periods of nutritional stress in the annual cycles of endotherms: fact and fiction? . American Zoologist , 25 : 955 – 964 .
- Kleiber , M. 1961 . “ Loss of body weight during starvation ” . In The Fire of Life (an Introduction to Animal Energetics) , 25 – 59 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc .
- Koskimies , J. and Lathi , L. 1964 . Cold‐hardiness of the newly hatched young in relation to ecology and distribution in ten species of European ducks . Auk , 81 : 281 – 307 .
- Kwakkel , R.P. , De Koning , F.L.S.M. , Verstegen , M.W.A. and Hof , G. 1991 . Effect of method and phase of nutrient restriction during rearing on productive performance of light hybrid pullets and hens . British Poultry Science , 32 : 747 – 761 .
- Kwakkel , R.P. , Ducro , B.J. and Koops , W.J. 1993 . Multiphasic analysis of growth of the body and its chemical components in white leghorn pullets . Poultry Science , 72 : 1421 – 1432 .
- Lechner , A.J. 1984 . Growth retardation and mortality in Guinea Pigs following perinatal starvation . Nutrition Reports International , 6 : 1435 – 1447 .
- McCarter , R.J. , Masoro , E.J. and Byung , P.Y. 1985 . Does food restriction retard aging by reducing the metabolic rate? . American Journal of Physiology , 248 (Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11) : E488 – E490 .
- McCarter , R.J. and McGee , J.R. 1989 . Transient reduction of metabolic rate by food restriction . American Journal of Physiology , 257 (Endocrinology Metabolism 20) : E175 – E179 .
- Meyer , G.E. 1993 . SPSS: A minimalist approach , 491 Orlando : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers .
- Murakami , H. , Akiba , Y. and Horiguchi , M. 1988 . Energy and protein utilization in newly‐hatched broiler chicks—studies on the early nutrition of poultry . Japanese Journal of Zpotechnical Science , 59 : 890 – 895 .
- Murakami , H. , Akiba , Y. and Horiguchi , M. 1992 . Growth and utilization of nutrients in newly‐hatched chick with or without removal of residual yolk . Growth, Development & Aging , 56 : 75 – 84 .
- Nichelmann , M. , Michler , I. , Koch , S. , Lyhs , L. and Grosskopf , C. 1977a . Physiologische Grundlagen der Stallklimagestaltung beim Mastgeflügel; 4. Moschusenten (Cairina moschata) . Archiv fur Tierzucht , 20 : 207 – 220 .
- Nichelmann , M. , Lyhs , L. , Koch , S. , Michler , I. and Grosskopf , C. 1977b . Zur biologisch optimalen Temperatur bei Moschusenten . Monatshefte fur Veterinär Medizin , 32 : 349 – 353 .
- Nickerson , D.M. , Facey , D.E. and Grossman , G.D. 1989 . Estimating physiological thresholds with continuous two‐phase regression . Physiological Zoology , 62 : 866 – 887 .
- Nitsan , Z. , Ben‐Avraham , G. , Zoref , Z. and Nir , I. 1991 . Growth and development of the digestive organs and some enzymes in broiler chicks after hatching . British Poultry Science , 32 : 515 – 523 .
- Pinchasov , Y. and Noy , Y. 1993 . Comparison of post‐hatch holding time and subsequent early performance of broiler chicks and turkey poults . British Poultry Science , 34 : 111 – 120 .
- Rhymer , J. M. 1988 . The effect of egg size variability on thermoregulation of Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) offspring and its implications for survival . Oecobgia , 75 : 20 – 24 .
- Ricklefs , R.E. 1987 . Characterizing the development of homeothermy by rate of body cooling . Functional Ecology , 1 : 151 – 157 .
- Romijn , C. and Lokhorst , W. Some aspects of energy metabolism in birds . Proceedings 2nd Symposium on energy metabolism . Wageningen. Edited by: Bronwer , E and Van Es , A.J.H.EAAP . pp. 49 – 58 .
- Schmidt‐Nielsen , K. 1986 . “ Warm‐blooded vertebrates: What do metabolic regression equations mean? ” . In Scaling—Why is animal size so important? , 75 – 89 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Scholander , P.F. , Hock , R. , Walters , V. and Irving , L. 1950 . Heat regulation in some arctic and tropical mammals and birds . Biological Bulletin , 99 : 237 – 258 .
- Sedinger , J.S. 1992 . “ Ecology of prefledging waterfowl ” . In Ecology and Management of Breeding Waterfowl , Edited by: Batt , B.D.J. 109 – 127 . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
- Sherrod , P.H. 1992 . Nonlin Nonlinear Regression Analysis Program; a “shareware” program , Nashville : S&H Computer Systems .
- Smith , A.J. 1990 . Poultry—The Tropical Agriculturalist , 218 London : CTA Macmillan Publishers .
- Steen , J.B. and Gabrielsen , G.W. 1986 . Thermogenesis in newly hatched Eider (Somateria mollisima) and Long‐tailed (Clangula hyemalis) ducklings and Barnacle (Branta leucopsis) goslings . Polar Research , 4 : 81 – 86 .
- Untergasser , G. and Hayward , J.S. 1972 . Development of thermoregulation in ducklings . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 50 : 1243 – 1250 .
- Van Kampen , M. 1980 . The effect of a short‐term heat stress or food restriction on body weight, subsequent laying performance and body composition of pullets . Archiv für Geflügelkunde , 44 : 124 – 128 .
- Visser , G.H. and Ricklefs , R.E. 1993 . Development of temperature regulation in shorebirds . Physiological Zoology , 66 : 771 – 792 .
- Wilson , R.T. , Traore , A. , Kuit , H.G. and Slingerland , M. 1987 . Livestock production in Central Mali: Reproduction, growth and mortality of domestic fowl under traditional management . Tropical Animal Health and Production , 19 : 229 – 236 .
- Present address: Department of Pre‐Clinical Studies, Veterinary Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, PO Box 257, Maputo, Mozambique.
- Present address: Centre for Isotope Research, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, and Zoological Laboratory, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.