References
- Bell , D.J. and Siller , W. 1962 . Cage layer fatigue in brown leghorns . Research in Veterinary Science , 3 : 219 – 230 .
- Cheng , T.K. and Coon , C.N. 1990a . Effect of calcium source, particle size, limestone solubility in vitro and calcium intake level on layer bone status and performance . Poultry Science , 69 : 2214 – 2219 .
- Cheng , T.K. and Coon , C.N. 1990b . Sensitivity of various bone parameters of laying hens to different daily calcium intakes . Poultry Science , 69 : 2209 – 2213 .
- Couch , J.R. 1955 . Cage layer fatigue . Feed Age , 5 : 55 – 57 .
- Einhorn , T.A. 1990 . “ Dietary protein and bone calcium metabolism ” . In Nutrition and Bone Development , Edited by: Simmons , D.J. Oxford : Oxford University Press . Ch 10
- Fleming , R.H. , Whitehead , C.C. , Alvey , D. , Gregory , N.G. and Wilkins , L.J. 1994 . Bone structure and breaking strength in laying hens housed in different husbandry systems . British Poultry Science , 35 : 651 – 662 .
- Fleming , R.H. , McCormack , H.A. , McTeir , L. and Whitehead , C.C. 1996 . The influence of medullary bone on humeral breaking strength . British Poultry Science , 37 : 530 – 532 .
- Frost , T.J. and Roland , D.A. 1991 . Current methods used in determination and evaluation of tibia strength; a correlation study involving birds fed various levels of cholecalciferol . Poultry Science , 70 : 1640 – 1643 .
- Guinotte , F. and Nys , Y. 1991 . Effects of particle size and origin of calcium sources on eggshell quality and bone mineralisation in egg laying hens . Poultry Science , 70 : 583 – 592 .
- Hudson , H.A. , Britton , W.M. , Rowland , G.N. and Buhr , R.G. 1993 . Histomorphometric bone properties of sexually immature and mature white leghorn hens with evaluation of fluorochrome on egg production traits . Poultry Science , 72 : 1537 – 1547 .
- Kimmel , D.B. and Jee , W.S.S. 1983 . “ Measurement of area, perimeter and distance: details of data collection in bone histomorphometry ” . In Bone Histomorphometry , Edited by: Recker , R.R. 90 – 106 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
- Kleerekoper , M. and Mendlovic , D.B. 1993 . Sodium fluoride therapy of postmenopausal osteoporosis . Endocrine Reviews , 14 : 312 – 323 .
- Knowles , T.G. and Broom , D.G. 1990 . Limb bone strength and movement in laying hens from different housing systems . Veterinary Record , 126 : 354 – 356 .
- Lavelle , P.A. , Lloyd , Q.P. , Gay , C.V. and Leach , R.M. 1994 . Vitamin K deficiency does not functionally impair skeletal metabolism of laying hens and their progeny . Journal of Nutrition , 124 : 371 – 377 .
- Lundy , M.W. , Russell , J.E. , Avery , J. , Wergedal , J.E. and Bay‐link , D.J. 1992 . Effect of sodium fluoride on bone density in chickens . Calcified Tissue International , 50 : 420 – 426 .
- McLooughlin , C.P. and Soares , J.H. 1976 . A study of the effects of 25(OH)D3 and calcium source on eggshell quality . Poultry Science , 55 : 1400 – 1410 .
- Nahorniak , N.A. , Waibel , P.E. , Olsen , W.G. , Walser , M.M. and Dzuik , H.E. 1983 . Effect of dietary sodium iluoride on growth and bone development in growing turkeys . Poultry Science , 62 : 2048 – 2055 .
- Pak , C.Y.C. Fluoride and osteoporosis . Proceeding of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine . Vol. 191 , pp. 278 – 286 .
- Patterson , H.D. and Thompson , R. 1971 . Recovery of interblock information when block sizes are unequal . Biometrika , 58 : 545 – 554 .
- Randall , C.J. and Duff , S.R.I. 1988 . Avulsion of the patellar ligament in osteopenic laying fowl . Veterinary Record , 128 : 397 – 399 .
- Rao , K.S. and Roland , D.A Sr. 1990 . In vivo limestone solubilization in commercial Leghorns: role of dietary calcium level, limestone particle size, in vitro limestone solubility rate, and the calcium status of the hen . Poultry Science , 69 : 2170 – 2176 .
- Roland , D.A. and Rao , S.K. 1992 . “ Nutritional and management factors related to osteopenia in laying hens ” . In Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry , Edited by: Whitehead , C.C. 281 – 295 . Abingdon : Carfax Publishing Company .
- Scott , M.L. , Hull , S.J. and Mullenhoff , P.A. 1971 . The calcium requirements of laying hens and effects of dietary oystershell upon eggshell quality . Poultry Science , 50 : 1055 – 1063 .
- Soares , J.H. , Ottinger , M.A. and Buss , E.G. 1988 . Potential role of 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol in egg shell calcification . Poultry Science , 67 : 1322 – 1328 .
- Tanaka , Y. and DeLuca , H.F. 1971 . Bone mineral mobilisation activity of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 146 : 130 – 134 .
- Taylor , T.G. , Slmkiss , K. and Stringer , D.A. 1971 . “ The skeleton: its structure and metabolism ” . In Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl , Edited by: Bell , D.J. and Freeman , B.M. Vol. 2 , 621 – 640 . London : Academic Press .
- Tyler , C. 1954 . Studies on egg shells, IV. The site of deposition of radioactive calcium and phosphorus . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 5 : 335 – 339 .
- Urist , M.R. and Deutsch , N.M. 1960 . Osteoporosis in the laying hen . Endocrinology , 66 : 377 – 391 .
- Weiser , H. , Schlacter , M. and Bachman , H. 1988 . “ The importance of vitamin C for hydroxylation of vitamin D3 to 1α,25 (OH)2D3 and of 24R,25(0H)2D3 to a more active metabolite ” . In Vitamin D. Molecular, Cellular and Clinical Endocrinology , Berlin : Walter De Gruyter .
- Whitehead , C.C. and Wilson , S. 1992 . “ Characteristics of osteopenia in hens ” . In Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry , Edited by: Whitehead , C.C. 265 – 280 . Abingdon : Carfax Publishing Company .
- Wilson , S. and Duff , S.R.I. 1991 . Effects of vitamin or mineral deficiency on the morphology of medullary bone in laying hens . Research in Veterinary Science , 50 : 216 – 221 .
- Wilson , S. , Duff , S.R.I. and Whitehead , C.C. 1992 . Effects of age, sex and housing on the trabecular bone of laying strain domestic fowl . Research in Veterinary Science , 53 : 52 – 58 .