2,242
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Population of Non-corporate Business Proprietors in England and Wales 1891–1911

, &

References

  • Acland, A. H. D and 45 others (1890) ‘Memorandum on the Improvement of Census Returns, Especially as Regards Occupations and Industry’, in Report of the Committee Appointed by the Treasury to Inquire into Certain Questions Connected with the Taking of the Census,’ 118−20, C 6071 London: HMSO.
  • Afton, B. and Turner, M. (2000) ‘The Size of Agricultural Holdings’, in E.J.T. Collins (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales: Vol. VII, 1850–1914, Part II, 1836–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Armstrong, W. A. (1972) ‘The Use of Information about Occupations’, pp. 191–210 in E. A. Wrigley (ed.) Nineteenth-Century Society: Essays in the Use of Quantitative Methods for the Study of Social Data. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Aston, J. and Di Martino, P. (2017) ‘Risk, success, and failure: female entrepreneurship in late Victorian and Edwardian England’, Economic History Review, 70, 3, 837–858.
  • Barker, H. (2006) The business of women female enterprise and urban development in northern England 1760–1830. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bennett, R.J. (2016) ‘Interpreting business partnerships in late Victorian Britain’, Economic History Review, 69, 4, 1199–1227. doi:10.1111/ehr.12327
  • Bennett, R. J., Smith, H., Van Lieshout, C. and Newton, G. (2017) Occupations and occupational aggregation of census data 1851-1911. Working Paper 5: ESRC project ES/M010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.9874
  • Bennett, R.J., Montebruno, P., Smith, H., and Van Lieshout, C. (2018) Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81. Working Paper 9: ESRC project ES/M010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge. https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/driversofentrepreneurship/wp9reconstruction.pdf
  • Booth, C. (1886) ‘Occupations of the People of the United Kingdom 1801–1881’, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 49, 2, 314–435.
  • Braybon, G. (1989) Women Workers in the First World War. London: Routledge.
  • Brydges Henniker, P. (1890) ‘Remarks of the Registrar-General on ‘Memorandum as to Improvement of Census Returns’, in Report of the Committee Appointed by the Treasury to Inquire into Certain Questions Connected with the Taking of the Census, 120-1, C 6071. London: HMSO.
  • Campanelli, P., Thomson, K, Moon, N. and Staples (1997) ‘The quality of occupational coding in the United Kingdom’, in Lyberg, L., Biemer, P. P., Collins, M., de Leeuw, E., Dippo, C., Scwharz, N. and Trewin, D., 538–553, Survey measurement and process quality. New York: Wiley.
  • Clapham, J. H. (1932) An Economic History of Modern Britain, Vol. 2: Free trade and steel 1850−1886. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P. and Sakshaug, J. W. (2016) ‘Classifying open-ended reports: Factors affecting the reliability of occupation codes’, Journal of Official Statistics, 32, 1, 75–92.
  • Crossick, G. (1984) ‘The Petite Bourgeoisie in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Urban and Liberal Case’, in Crossick, Geoffrey and Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard eds. Shopkeepers and Master Artisans in Nineteenth-Century Europe, 62–94. London: Methuen.
  • Davidoff, L. and Hall, C. (1997) Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780−1850. London: Routledge.
  • Daunton, M. (2007) Wealth and Welfare: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1851−1951. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • De Beck, A. M. (ed.) (1916) Women of the Empire in War Time: in honour of their great devotion and self-sacrifice. London: Dominion of Canada News.
  • Eckler, A. R. and Hurwitz, W. N. (1958) ‘Response variance and biases in Censuses and surveys’ Bulletin de L’Institute International de Statistique, 36, 2, 12–35.
  • Elliot, D. (1983) ‘A study of variation in occupation and social class coding – Summary of results’, OPCS Survey Methodology Bulletin, 14, 48–49.
  • Erickson, C. (1959) British Industrialists: Steel and Hosiery 1850−1950. National Institute of Economic Research: Cambridge University Press.
  • Feinstein, C. H. (1972) National Income, Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom 1855−1965, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Godley, A. (2001) Jewish Immigrant Entrepreneurship in New York and London, 1880−1914: Enterprise and Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Grayzel, S. (2002) Women and the First World War. Harlow: Longmans.
  • Grigg, D. (1987) ‘Farm Size in England and Wales, from Early Victorian Times to the Present’, Agricultural History Review, 35, 179–98.
  • Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., Tourangeau, R. (2004) Survey Methodology. New York: Wiley.
  • Hannah, L. (1983) The Rise of the Corporate Economy, Second edition. London: Methuen.
  • Hannah, L. (2007) ‘The “Divorce” of Ownership from Control from 1900 Onwards: Re-Calibrating Imagined Global Trends’, Business History, 49, 4, 404–438.
  • Hannah, L. (2014) ‘Corporations in the US and Europe 1790-1860’, Business History, 56, 6, 865–899.
  • Hansen, M. H., Hurwitz, W. N. and Bershad, M. A. (1961) ‘Measurement errors in Censuses and surveys’, Bulletin de L’Institute International de Statistique, 38, 2, 359–74.
  • Hatton, T. J. and Bailey, R. E. (2001) Women’s work in census and survey, 1911−1931, Econ Hist Rev , 54, 1, 87–107.
  • Higgs, E. (2005) Making Sense of the Census Revisited: Census Records for England and Wales 1801−1901. London: Institute of Historical Research, National Archives.
  • Higgs, E. and Schürer, K. (University of Essex) (2014) The Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM). Essex: UKDA, SN-7481.
  • Higgs, E., Jones, C., Schürer, K. and Wilkinson, A. (2015) Integrated Census Microdata (I-CeM) Guide, 2nd. ed. Colchester: Department of History, University of Essex.
  • IR (1892) 35th Report, C-6731. London: Commissioners of Inland Revenue.
  • IR (1902) 45th Report, Cd. 1216. London: Commissioners of Inland Revenue.
  • IR (1912) 55th Report, Cd. 6344. London: Commissioners of Inland Revenue.
  • Jabine, T. B. and Tepping, B. J. (1973) ‘Controlling for the quality of occupation and industry data’, Bulletin de L’Institute International de Statistique, 50, 360–92.
  • Jeffreys, J. B. (1954) Retail Trading in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jennings, P. (2016) A History of Drink and the English. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Jeremy, D.J. (1998) A Business History of Britain, 1900-1990s. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Jeremy, D. J. (1991) ‘The Hundred Largest Employers in the United Kingdom, in Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing Industries, in 1907, 1935 and 1955’, Business History 33, 1, 93–111.
  • Kay, A., C. (2009) The Foundations of Female Entrepreneurship: Enterprise, Home and Household in London, c. 1800−1870. London: Routledge.
  • Kelly (1877) Directory of Grocery, Oil and Colour Trades. London: Kelly & Co.
  • Kershen, A. J. (1997) ‘Morris Cohen and the Origin of the Women’s Wholesale Clothing Industry in the East End’, Textile History, 28/1, 39–41.
  • Kish, L. (1967) Survey Sampling, Second Edition. New York: Wiley & Sons.
  • Knox, D. M. (1958) ‘The Development of the Tied House System in London’, Oxford Economic Papers, 10/1, 66–83.
  • Lee, C. H. (1981) ‘Regional Growth and Structural Change in Victorian Britain’, Economic History Review, 34/3, 438–452.
  • Littler, C. R. (1982) The development of the labour process in capitalist societies: A comparative study of the transformation of work organization in Britain, Japan and the USA, Aldershot: Gower.
  • Lyberg, L. and Kasprzyk, D. (1997) ‘Post-survey processing and operations’, in Lyberg, L., Biemer, P. P., Collins, M., de Leeuw, E., Dippo, C., Scwharz, N. and Trewin, D., 353–370, Survey measurement and process quality. New York: Wiley.
  • Marshall, A. (1919) Industry and Trade: A Study of industrial Technique and Business Organization; and their Influence on the Conditions of Various Classes and Nations, London: Macmillan
  • Martin, J., Bushnell, D., Campanelli, P. and Thomas, R. (1994) ‘A comparison of interviewer and office coding of occupations’, Survey Methods Centre Newsletter, Social and Community Planning Research, 15, 2, 18–25.
  • Montebruno, P. (2018) Adjustment Weights 1891−1911: Weights to adjust entrepreneur numbers for non-response and misallocation bias in Censuses 1891−1911 Working Paper 11: ESRC project ES/M010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.26378; adjustment weights at: https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.26376
  • Montebruno, P., Bennett, R. J., Van Lieshout, C. and Smith, H. (2018) ‘Shifts in agrarian entrepreneurship in mid-Victorian England and Wales’, forthcoming.
  • Payne, P. L. (1988) British Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century, Second Edition. London: Macmillan.
  • Perren, R. (2006) Taste, Trade and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry since 1840. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Pollard, S. (1968) The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. London: Edward Arnold
  • PC (1906) Report from the Select Committee on Income Tax; Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes and Digest of Evidence, Appendix, House of Commons Papers 365: IX.659.
  • PP (1871) Census of England and Wales, 1871, Vol. I General Report, pp. xliv–xlviii.
  • PP (1893-4) Census of England and Wales, 1891, Vol. III, Ages, Condition as to Marriage, Occupations, Birth-places and Infirmities, Parliamentary Papers, (CVI).
  • PP (1903) Census of England and Wales, 1901. Summary Tables, Area, House and Population; also Population Classified by Ages, Condition as to Marriage, Occupations, Birthplaces and Infirmities, Parliamentary Papers, (LXXXIV).
  • PP (1911) Census of England and Wales, 1911, Vol. I General Report, Cd. 8491, pp. 113–4, Table XXXVII ff.
  • PP (1913) Census of England and Wales, 1911, Vol. X, Occupations and Industries, Part I, Parliamentary Papers, (LXXVIII).
  • Radicic, D., Bennett, R. J. and Newton, G. (2017) ‘Portfolio entrepreneurship in farming: Empirical evidence from the 1881 census for England and Wales’, Journal of Rural Studies, 55, 289–302. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.019
  • Schürer, K. (1991), ‘The 1891 Census and Local Population Studies’, Local Population Studies, 47, 16–29.
  • Schürer, K., Higgs, E., Reid, A.M. and Garrett, E.M. (2016) Integrated Census Microdata, 1851-1911, version V. 2 (I-CeM.2), [data collection]. UK Data Service, SN: 7481, http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7481-1.
  • Smith, H., Bennett, R. J. and Van Lieshout, C. (2017), Extracting entrepreneurs from the Censuses, 1891-1911, Working Paper 4: ESRC project ES/M0010953: ‘Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses’, University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.9638
  • Smith, H., Bennett, R. J. and Van Lieshout, C. (2018) ‘Immigrant Business Proprietors in England and Wales, 1851-1911’, forthcoming.
  • Stamp, J. (1916) British Income and Prosperity: The Application of Official Statistics to Economic Problems, London: King & Co.
  • Treasury (1890) Report of the Committee Appointed by the Treasury to Inquire into Certain Questions Connected with the Taking of the Census, C 6071. London: HMSO.
  • US Bureau of the Census (1950) The post-enumeration survey: 1950. Washington DC.
  • Wardley, P. (1999) ‘The emergence of big business: The largest corporate employers of labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907’, Business History, 41, 4, 88–116.
  • Wardley, P. (2001) ‘On the ranking of firms: A response to Jeremy and Farnie’, Business History, 43, 3, 119–34.
  • Winstanley, Michael J. (1983) The Shopkeeper’s World, 1830−1914, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Woodward, D. (1995) Men at Work: Labourers and building craftsmen in the towns of northern England, 1450−1750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.