Foreign merchant businesses and the integration of the Black and Azov Seas of the Russian Empire into the First global economy

References

• Aydin, H. V. (2013). Έλληνες έμποροι και ναυτικοί στη Μαύρη θάλασσα, 1780-1820 [Greek merchants and seamen in the Black Sea, 1780-1820]. In G. Harlaftis & K. Papakonstantinou (Eds.), Η ναυτιλία των Ελλήνων, 1700-1821 [The Shipping of the Greeks, 1700-1821] (pp. 683–702). Athens: Kedros.
   Google Scholar
• Baghdiantz McCabe, I. , Harlaftis G. , & Pepelasis Minoglou, I. (Eds.). (2005). Diaspora entrepreneurial networks: Five centuries of history . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bartal, I. (2002). The Jews in Eastern Europe, 1772–1881 . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, R. P. (1979). Human Capital. The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 1762–1804 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Belousova, L. (2007). Το γένος των Πετροκόκκινων. Περίοδος της Οδησσού, 19ος-αρχές 20ου αιώνα [The Petrokkinos family. The Odessa Period, 19th-beginning of the 20^th centuries] . Chios: A.P.
   Google Scholar
• Brower, D. R. (1990). The Russian city between tradition and modernity, 1850–1900 . Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, S. D. (1992). Merchant enterprise in Britain: From the industrial revolution to World War I . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chatziioannou, M. (2011). Mediterranean pathways of Greek Merchants to Victorian England. The Historical Review/La Revue Historique , 7 , 213–237. doi:10.12681/hr.262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chernuhin, E. (2015). Οι Έλληνες της Νίζνας και το θαλάσσιο εμπόριο” [“The Greeks of Nizhyn and the maritime trade”]. In G. Harlaftis & E. Sifneos (Eds.), Οι Έλληνες της Αζοφικής τον 19ο αιώνα. Νέες προσεγγίσεις στην ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Νοτίου Ρωσίας [The Greeks of the Azov in the 19th century. New Approaches in the History of the Greeks in Southern Russia] (pp. 329–345). Athens: INE/EIE.
   Google Scholar
• Davydov, M. (forthcoming). Transportation of grain to the ports on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in 1893-1913. In M. Davidov , G. Harlaftis , V. Kulikov & V. Morozan (Eds.), The economic development of the port–Cities of the Northern and Southern Black Sea Coast, 19^th – Beginning of the 20^th century. Transport, Industry and Finance Black Sea Project Working Papers, Vol. 4, e-book. www.blacksea.gr
   Google Scholar
• De Goey, F. (2016). Consuls and the institutions of global capitalism, 1783-1914. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Delis, A. (2015). Mediterranean wooden shipbuilding: Economy, technology and institutions in Syros in the nineteenth century . Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Demidov, P. P. (1884). The Jewish question in Russia . London: Darling and Son,
   Google Scholar
• Dubnow, S. M. (1920). History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. From the earliest times until the present day. Vol III of History of the Jews in Russia and Poland of S. M. Dubnow . Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
   Google Scholar
• Engel, A. (2015). Buying time: Futures trading and telegraphy in nineteenth-century global commodity markets. Journal of Global History , 10 (2), 284–306. doi:10.1017/S1740022815000078
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairlie, S. (1959). The Anglo Russian grain trade, 1815-1861 (PhD dissertation). London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Falkus, M. E. (1966). Russia and international wheat trade, 1861-1914. Economica , 33 (132), 416–429. doi:10.2307/2552721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedenko, O. (2016). The activity of the Italian Merchants in Odessa during the nineteenth century. Danubius , XXXIV , 31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Galani, K. (2017). British shipping in the Mediterranean during the Napoleonic Wars: The untold story of a successful adaptation . Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Galani, K. (2016). Έλληνες έμποροι-τραπεζίτες στο City του Λονδίνου: η πρώτη εγκατάσταση (αρχές 19ου αιώνα) [Greek merchant-bankers in the City of London: The first settlement (early 19th ­century)]. In P. Sourlas & J. Kittmer (Eds.), Ελληνο-βρετανικές σχέσεις. Πτυχές της πρόσφατης ιστορίας τους [Greek-British relations. Aspects of their recent history] (pp. 237–256). Athens: Institute of the Greek Parliament.
   Google Scholar
• Galani, K. (2015). H ελληνική κοινότητα του Λονδίνου τον 19ο αιώνα: μια οικονομική και κοινωνική προσέγγιση [The Greek community of London in the 19th century: A socio-economic approach]. Ιστορικά [Istorika] , 63 , 43–68.
   Google Scholar
• Gomez, H. R. (2017). Migrazioni italiane in Crimea e Nuova Russia: tracce, fonti, contesti. In A. Ferrari & E. Pupulin (Eds.), La Crimea tra Russia, Italia e Impero ottoman (pp. 117–144). Eurasiatica 8 Venezia: Edizioni Ca’Foscari. Retrieved from http://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-212-3/978-88-6969-212-3-ch-06.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (1996). Α ηistory of Greek-owned shipping. The Making of an international tramp fleet, 1830 to the present day . London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (1993). Εμπόριο και ναυτιλία τον 19ο αιώνα. Το επιχειρηματικό δίκτυο των Ελλήνων της Διασποράς. Η χιώτικη φάση (1830-1860) [Commerce and shipping in the 19th century. The business network of Diaspora Greeks. The Chiot phase (1830-1860)]. Μνήμων [Mnimon] , 15 , 69–127.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (2007). From diaspora traders to shipping tycoons: The vagliano bros. Business History Review , 81 (2), 237–268. doi:10.1017/S0007680500003354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (2013a). H εισβολή της ναυτιλίας των «Γραικών» στο μεγάλο εμπόριο της Μεσογείου, 1714–1815 [The Invasion of the Greeks in the great commerce of the Mediterranean, 1714-1815]. In G. Harlaftis & K. Papakonstantinou (Eds.), Η ναυτιλία των Ελλήνων, 1700-1821 [The Shipping of the Greeks, 1700-1821] (pp. 223–282). Athens: Kedros.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. , (2013b). Η ναυτική πολιτεία του Ιονίου και του Αιγαίου. Στόλος και ανταγωνιστικότητα [The maritime city of the Ionian and Aegean seas. Fleet and competitiveness]. In G. Harlaftis & K. Papakonstantinou (Eds.), Η ναυτιλία των Ελλήνων, 1700-1821 [The Shipping of the Greeks, 1700-1821] (pp. 407–444). Athens: Kedros,
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (2005). Mapping the Greek maritime diaspora from the early eighteenth to the late twentieth century. In I. Baghdiantz McCabe , G. Harlaftis & I. Pepelasis Minoglou (Eds.), Diaspora entrepreneurial networks: Five centuries of history (pp. 147–171). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (2006). Ναυτιλία [Shipping]. In K. Kostis & S. Petmezas (Eds.), Η ανάπτυξη της ελληνικής οικονομίας κατά τον 19ο αιώνα [The development of the Greek Economy during the 19th century] (pp. 421–462). Athens: Alexandreia.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. (1990). Τhe role of the Greeks in the black sea trade, 1830-1900. In L R. Fischer & H. W. Nordvik (Eds.), Shipping and trade, 1750-1950: Essays in international maritime economic history (pp. 63–95). Yorkshire: Lofthouse Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Harlaftis, G. , Sifneos, E. (2015). Το Ταϊγάνιο των Ελλήνων: ελληνική επιχειρηματικότητα στην παραμεθόριο του διεθνούς εμπορίου [The Taganrog of the Greeks in the frontier of international trade]. In G., Harlaftis , E. & Sifneos (Eds.), Οι Έλληνες της Αζοφικής τον 19ο αιώνα. Νέες προσεγγίσεις στην ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Νοτίου Ρωσίας [The Greeks of the Azov in the 19th century. New approaches in the history of the Greeks in Southern Russia] (pp. 57–154). Athens: INE/EIE.
   Google Scholar
• Harley, K. (1980). Transportation, the world wheat trade, and the Kuznets cycle, 1850-1913. Explorations in Economic History , 17 (3), 218–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley, K. (1988). Ocean freight rates and productivity, 1740–1913: The primacy of mechanical invention reaffirmed. The Journal of Economic History , 48 (4), 851–876. doi:10.1017/S0022050700006641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, M. (1938). The Development of the Russian commerce in the black sea and its significance (PhD dissertation).
   Google Scholar
• Hausmann, G. (2000). Die wohlhabenden Odessaer Kaufleute und Unternehmer. Zur Herausbildung bürgerlicher Identitäten im ausgehenden Zarenreich. Jahrbücher Für Geschichte Osteuropas , 48 (1), 41–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hellman, N. (2013). Trading freedom in the Russian Empire: The extent to which Russia Attempted to solve the Jewish question by granting Jews rights only in scenarios that economically benefited the state. Anthos , 5 (1), 97–124. doi:10.15760/anthos.2013.97
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy, P. (1979). Greek merchants in Odessa in the nineteenth century. Harvard Ukrainian Studies , 1 (3/4), 399–420.
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy, P. (1986). Odessa: A history, 1794-1914 . Cambridge: Harvard University Press, doi:10.1086/ahr/93.4.1087
   Google Scholar
• Herlihy, P. (1977). The ethnic composition of the city of Odessa in the nineteenth century. Harvard Ukrainian Studies , 1 , 53–78.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. (2013). Entrepreneurship and multinationals: Global business and the making of the modern world. Cheltenham & Northampton, MA: Edvar Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. (2000). Merchants to multinationals: British trading companies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, G. (2005). Multinationals and global Capitalism from the nineteenth to the twenty-first century . Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kappeler, A. (2001). The Russian Empire. A multiethnic history, Vol. 1 of The Russian Empire. A multiethnic history, Essex: Longman, 2001 .
   Google Scholar
• Kardasis, V. (2001). Diaspora merchants in the Black Sea: The Greeks in Southern Russia (pp. 1775–1861). Lanham, Oxford: Lexington Books,
   Google Scholar
• Karras, I. (2011). Εμπόριο, πολιτική και αδερφότητα: Ρωμιοί στην Ρωσία 1700-1774 [Commerce, Politics and Brotherhood: “Romioi” in Russia 1700-1774] (PhD dissertation). National Capodistrian University of Athens.
   Google Scholar
• Karras, I. (2015). Το δια θαλάσσης εμπόριο από την Καζακία και τη Ρωσία, 1696-1774 [Maritime trade from Kazakia and Russia, 1696-1774]. In G. Harlaftis & E. Sifneos (Eds.), Οι Έλληνες της Αζοφικής τον 19ο αιώνα. Νέες προσεγγίσεις στην ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Νοτίου Ρωσίας [The Greeks of the Azov in the 19th century. New approaches in the history of the Greeks in Southern Russia] (pp. 305–327). Athens: INE/EIE.
   Google Scholar
• Klier, J. D. (1995). Imperial Russia’s Jewish Question, 1855-1881 . Cambridge & New-York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klier, J. D. (2000). What exactly was a Shtetl? In G. Estraikh & M. Krutikov (Eds.), The Shtetl: Image and reality, Papers on the second Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish (Studies in Yiddish) (pp. 23–35). Oxford: Legenda.
   Google Scholar
• Konstantinova, V. (forthcoming). Urbanization and modernization processes of the port cities in the Northern Black Sea region, second half of the nineteenth - early twentieth century. In E. Sifneos , O. Iurkova & V. Shandra (Eds.), Port-cities of the northern shore of the Black Sea: Institutional, economic and social development, 18th – early 20th Centuries . Black Sea Project Working Papers, Vol. 2, e-book. Retrieved from www.blacksea.gr.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznets, S. (1998). Immigration of Russian Jews to the United States: Background and structure. In J. S. Gurock (Eds.), American Jewish history (pp. 1–90). New York, London: Routledge,
   Google Scholar
• Metzer, J. (1974). Railroad development and market integration: The case of Tsarist Russia. The Journal of Economic History , 34 (3), 529–550. doi:10.1017/S0022050700079791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzer, J. (1973). Some economic aspects of railroad development in Tsarist Russia. The Journal of Economic History , 33 (1), 314–316. doi:10.1017/S0022050700111623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M. (2012). Europe and the maritime world: A twentieth-century history . N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morozan, V. V. (2014). Деловая жизнь на юге России в XIX – начале XX века [The entrepreneurial life of South Russia, 19^th-beginning 20^th century] . St. Petersburg: Дмитрий Буланин.
   Google Scholar
• National Archives . (1890). Foreign Office, Russia. Report of Mr. Thomas Sandwith on the Trade of the District of Odessa for the Year 1889, No. 706 (1890).
   Google Scholar
• одесский вестник [Odessa Herald] . (1835-1860).
   Google Scholar
• O’Rourke, K. H. , & Williamson, J. G. (1999). Globalization and history: The evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, doi:10.1086/ahr/106.1.142
   Google Scholar
• Pagratis, G. (2013). Εμπόριο και ναυτιλία στα νησιά του Ιονίου Πελάγους στα χρόνια της Επτανήσου Πολιτείας, 1800-1807 [Commerce and Shipping in the islands of the Ionian Sea in the years of the Seven Island state, 1800-1807]. In G. Harlaftis & K. Papakonstantinou (Eds.), Η ναυτιλία των Ελλήνων, 1700-1821 [The Shipping of the Greeks, 1700-1821] (pp. 631–650). Athens: Kedros.
   Google Scholar
• Pagratis, G. (2013). Κοινωνία και Οικονομία στο Βενετικό «Κράτος της Θάλασσας»: οι ναυτιλιακές επιχειρήσεις της Κέρκυρας (1496-1538) [Society and Economy in the Venetian “State of the Sea”: The maritime businesses of Corfu (1496-1538)] . Athens: Pedio,
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, S. (1990). Politics, shipping and the repeal of the navigation laws . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou, A. (2010). “Ναυτιλιακές επιχειρήσεις, διεθνή δίκτυα και θεσμοί στη σπετσιώτικη εμπορική ναυτιλία, 1830-1870. Οργάνωση, διοίκηση και στρατηγική [Maritime Businesses, international networks and institutions in merchant shipping of the island of Spetses. Organization, management and strategy] (PhD dissertation). Ionian University.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou, A. (2013). Από το τοπικό στο παγκόσμιο: η ενσωμάτωση των ναυτότοπων του Αιγαίου στο μεσογειακό εμπορικό σύστημα, τέλη του 18ου –αρχές 19ου αιώνα [From local to global: The integration of maritime communities of Aegean in the Mediterranean commercial system, end of the 18th-beginning of the 19th centuries]. In G. Harlaftis & K. Papakonstantinou (Eds.), Η ναυτιλία των Ελλήνων, 1700-1821 [The Shipping of the Greeks, 1700-1821] (pp. 703–734). Athens: Kedros.
   Google Scholar
• Pinchuk, B. C. (2004). How Jewish was the Shtetl? Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry , 17, 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Polonsky, A. (2000). The Shtetl: An ethnic town in the Russian Empire. Cahiers du Monde Russe , 41 (4), 495–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponomariova, I. (2015). Η Μαριούπολη στα τέλη του 18ου αιώνα και τον 19ο αιώνα [Mariupol at the end of the 18th and the 19th centuries]. In G. Harlaftis & E. Sifneos (Eds.), Οι Έλληνες της Αζοφικής τον 19ο αιώνα. Νέες προσεγγίσεις στην ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Νοτίου Ρωσίας [The Greeks of the Azov in the 19th century. New approaches in the history of the Greeks in Southern Russia] (pp. 369–390). Athens: INE/EIE.
   Google Scholar
• Rowland, R. (1986). Geographical patterns of the Jewish population in the pale of settlement of late nineteenth century Russia. Jewish Social Studies , 48 (3/4), 207–234. http://www.jstor.org/­stable/4467338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinov, I. M. (1908). Economic condition of the Jews in Russia. Bulletin 15. Washington D.C.: US Department of Commerce and Labor/Bureau of Labor.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinow, I. M. (1906). Russian wheat surplus. Conditions under which it is produced. Bulletin 42. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture/Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinow, I. M. (1908a). Russian wheat and wheat flour in European markets. Bulletin 66. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture/Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Rubinow, I. M. (1908b). Russia’s wheat trade. Bulletin 65. Washington D.C.: US Department of Agriculture/Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Samarina, N. (forthcoming). Rostov-on –Don in the Second Half of the 19th – early 20th century: Dynamics and Specificities of the Socio-Economic Development. In G. Harlaftis , V. Konstantinova & I. Lyman (Eds.), Between grain and oil from the Azov to Caucasus: The port-cities of the eastern coast of the Black Sea, late 18th – early 20th centuries. History of the Black Sea. Eastern shore . Black Sea Project Working Papers, Vol. 3, e-book. Retrieved from www.blacksea.gr.
   Google Scholar
• Sartor, W. (2009). Das Haus Mahs. Eine Internationale Unternehmerfamilie im Russischen Reich, 1750-1918 . Saint Petersburg: Olearius Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sartor, W. (2015). Louis Dreyfus & Co. – Μία διεθνής, μεγάλη εμπορική επιχείρηση και η παρουσία της στην δημόσια ζωή της Ρωσίας” [Louis Dreyfus & Co.-An international commercial business and its presence to the public life of Russia]. In G. Harlaftis & E. Sifneos (Eds.), Οι Έλληνες της Αζοφικής τον 19ο αιώνα. Νέες προσεγγίσεις στην ιστορία των Ελλήνων της Νοτίου Ρωσίας [Greeks of the Azov in the 19^th century. New perspectives in the history of the Greek of South Russia] (pp. 501–523). Athens: EIE/IE.
   Google Scholar
• Shah Mohammed, S. I. , & Williamson, J. (2004). Freight rates and productivity gains in British tramp shipping 1869-1950. Explorations in Economic History , 41 (2), 172–203. doi:10.1016/S0014-4983(03)00043-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shandra, V. (forthcoming). General-Governors of Southern Ukraine: Formation and implementation of development policy in 1770s-1880s. In E. Sifneos , O. Iurkova & V. Shandra (Eds.), Port-Cities of the northern shore of the Black Sea: Institutional, economic and social development, 18^th – early 20^th Centuries . Black Sea Project Working Papers, Vol. 2, e-book. Retrieved from www.blacksea.gr.
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, P. (2010). 1846 and all that’: The rise and fall of British wheat protection in the nineteenth century. Agricultural History Review , 58 (1), 76–94.
   Google Scholar
• Sherry, D. (2009). Social Alchemy on the Black Sea coast, 1860-65. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History , 10 (1), 7–30. Winter
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos, E. , et al. (1999). Business ethics and lifestyle of the Greek Diaspora in New Russia: From economic activities to national benefaction. In A. Kuij-laars , & K. Prudon (Eds.), Business and society: Entrepreneurs, politics and networks in a historical perspective. Proceedings of the third European business history association (pp. 455–468). Rotterdam: CBG.
   Google Scholar
• Sifneos, E. (2009). Έλληνες έμποροι στην Αζοφική: Η δύναμη και τα όρια της οικογενειακής επιχείρησης [Greek merchants in the Azov sea: The power and the limits of a family business ]. Athens: INE/EIE.
   Google Scholar
• Sifneos, E. (2018). Imperial Odessa. People, spaces, identities . Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Sifneos, E. , & Harlaftis, G. (2012). Entrepreneurship at the Russian frontier of international trade. The Greek merchant community/paroikia of Taganrog in the sea of Azov, 1780s-1830s. In V. Zakharov , G. Harlaftis & O. Katsiardi-Hering (Eds.), Merchant colonies in early modern period. Perspectives in Economic and Social History 19 . (pp. 157–180). London & Vermont: Pickering & Chatto.
   Google Scholar
• Sollohub, A. (1874). Receuil de Donnees Statistiques sur les Chemins de Fer en Russie au 1 Janvier 1874 [Statistics on the Railways in Russia from January 1st 1874] . San Petersburg: N.P.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, Y. (2014). “Pogroms, Networks and Migration. The Jewish Migration from the Russian Empire to the United States 1881-1914”. Retrieved from https://yannayspitzer.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/pogromsnetworksmigration_160727.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, R. M. (1960). A century of food exports. Kyklos , 13 (1), 44–64. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1960.tb00255.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Black Sea Pilot (1884). London.
   Google Scholar
• Theotokas, I. (2016). Τα ελληνικά εφοπλιστικά γραφεία του Λονδίνου τον 20ό αιώνα” [“The Greek shipping offices of London in the 20th century”]. In P. Sourlas & J. Kittmer (Eds.), Ελληνο-βρετανικές σχέσεις. Πτυχές της πρόσφατης ιστορίας τους [Greek-British relations. Aspects of their recent history] (pp. 257–270). Athens: Institute of the Greek Parliament.
   Google Scholar
• Vourkatioti, K. (2004). Ο οίκος των Αδερφών Ράλλη, 1814-1961. Το αρχέτυπο της επιχειρηματικότητας της ελληνικής διασποράς [The house of Ralli Bros, 1814-1961. The Archetype of entrepreneurship of Greek Diaspora] (PhD dissertation). Panteion University.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkins, M. (1970). The emergence of multinational enterprise: American business abroad from the colonial era to 1914 . Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. doi:10.1086/ahr/76.5.1583
   Google Scholar
• Zakharov, V. N. (2005). Западноевропейские купцы в российской торговле XVIII века [Western European Merchants in 18th Century Russian Trade] . Moscow: Nauka.
   Google Scholar
• Zakharov, V. , G Harlaftis & O Katsiardi-Hering (Eds.). (2012). Merchant ‘Colonies’ in the early modern period (15th – 18th centuries) . London: Chatto & Pickering.
   Google Scholar
• Zipperstein, S. (1986). The Jews of Odessa. A cultural history, 1794-1881 . Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar