Changes in Victorian entrepreneurship in England and Wales 1851-1911: Methodology and business population estimates

References

• Alexander, A., Shaw, G., & Hodson, D. (2003). Regional variations in the development of multiple retailing in England, 1890-1939. In J. Benson & L. Ugolini (Eds.), A nation of shopkeepers: Five centuries of British retailing (pp. 127–154). I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Allanson, P. (1992). Farm size structure in England and Wales, 1939-89. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 43(2), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1992.tb00210.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amemiya, T. (1981). Quantitative response models: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 19, 1483–1536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amemiya, T. (1985). Advanced econometrics. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. (1999). What can the mid-Victorian censuses tell us about variations in married women’s employment?Local Populations Studies, 62, 9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Aston, J. (2016). Female entrepreneurship in nineteenth-century England, engagement in the urban economy. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Montebruno, P., Smith, H., & van Lieshout, C. (2018). Reconstructing entrepreneur and business numbers for censuses 1851-81 [Working Paper 9: ESRC project ES/M010953]. University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.37738
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Montebruno, P., Smith, H., & van Lieshout, C. (2019a). Reconstructing business proprietor responses for censuses 1851-81: A tailored logit cut-off method [Working Paper 9.2: ESRC project ES/M010953]. University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.43891
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Montebruno, P., Smith, H., & van Lieshout, C. (2019b). Entrepreneurial discrete choice: Modelling decisions between self-employment, employer and worker status [Working Paper 15: ESRC project ES/M010953]. University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.37312
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., & Newton, G. (2015). Employers and the 1881 population census of England and Wales. Local Population Studies, 94(95), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.35488/lps95.2015.29
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Smith, H., van Lieshout, C., & Newton, G. (2017). Occupations and occupational aggregation of census data 1851-1911. [Working Paper 5: ESRC project ES/M010953]. University of Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.9874
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Smith, H., & Montebruno, P. (2018). The population of non-corporate business proprietors in England and Wales 1891-1911. Business History, 62(8), 1341–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2018.1534959
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Smith, H., van Lieshout, C., Montebruno, P., & Newton, G. (2019). The age of entrepreneurship: Business proprietors, self-employment and corporations since 1851. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, R. J., Smith, H., van Lieshout, C., Montebruno, P., & Newton, G. (2020). British Business Census of Entrepreneurs, 1851-1911. [Data collection] UK Data Service. SN: 8600. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-8600-2
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, J. E. (1971). Small firms: Report of the committee of inquiry on small firms [Cmnd 4811]. HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Bowley, A. L. (1920). The change in in the distribution of the national income 1880-1913. Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Broadberry, S. (2014). The rise of the service sector. In R. Floud, J. Humphries, & P. Johnson (Eds.), The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain: Volume II, 1870 to the present (pp. 330–361). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caree, M. A., Stel, A. v., Thurik, A. R., & Wennekers, S. (2007). The relations between economic development and business ownership revisited [Discussion Paper TI 2007-022.3]. Tinbergen Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Census of Great Britain. (1961). Occupation report. HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the industrial enterprise. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, A. D. (1990). Scale and scope: The dynamics of industrial capitalism. Belknap Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clapham, J. H. (1932). An economic history of modern Britain, Vol. 2: Free trade and steel 1850-1886. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, C. (1957). The conditions of economic progress (3rd) Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, D. C., & Macleod, C. (1986). Attitudes to new techniques: British businessmen, 1800—1950. The Economic History Review, 39(4), 588–611. https://doi.org/10.2307/2596485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad, F. G., Couper, M. P., & Sakshaug, J. W. (2016). Classifying open-ended reports: Factors affecting the reliability of occupation codes. Journal of Official Statistics, 32(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1515/jos-2016-0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çrouzet, F. (1985). The first industrialists. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davidoff, L., & Hall, C. (1997). Family fortunes: Men and women of the English middle class 1780-1850 (Revised) Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Edgerton, D. (1997). The decline of declinism. Business History Review, 71(2), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.2307/3116157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekelund, R. B., & Hébert, R. F. (1983). A history of economic theory and method (2nd ed.). Mc-Graw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein, C. H. (1972). National income, expenditure and output of the United Kingdom 1855–1965. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein, C. (ed.) (1997). Introduction: Themes in the economic development of the United Kingdom since 1870 (Vol. 1.). Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Gatrell, V. A. C. (1977). Labour, power and the size of firms in Lancashire Cotton in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Economic History Review, 30(1), 95–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, L. (1983). The rise of the corporate economy (2nd ed.). Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Hannah, L. (2007). The “divorce” of ownership from control from 1900 onwards: Re-calibrating imagined global trends. Business History, 49(4), 404–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076790701295821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannah, L. (2014). Corporations in the US and Europe 1790-1860. Business History, 56(6), 865–899. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2013.837893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs, E. (1987). Women, occupations and work in the nineteenth-century censuses. History Workshop Journal, 23(1), 59–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/23.1.59
   Google Scholar
• Higgs, E. (2005). Making sense of the census revisited: Census records for England and Wales 1801-1901. Institute of Historical Research, National Archives.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs, E., Jones, C., Schürer, K., & Wilkinson, A. (2015). Integrated census microdata (I-CeM) guide (2nd ed.). Department of History, University of Essex.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs, E., & Wilkinson, A. (2016). Women, occupations and work in the Victorian censuses revisited. History Workshop Journal, 81(1), 17–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbw001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabine, T. B., & Tepping, B. J. (1973). Controlling for the quality of occupation and industry data. Bulletin de L’Institute International de Statistique, 50, 360–392.
   Google Scholar
• Jefferys, J. B. (1954). Retail trading in Britain, 1850-1950: A study of trends in retailing with special reference to the development of co-operative, multiple shop and department store methods of trading. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jeremy, D. J. (1991). The hundred largest employers in the United Kingdom, in manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries, in 1907, 1935 and 1955. Business History, 33(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076799100000006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeremy, D. J. (1998). A business history of Britain, 1900-1990s., Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, A. C. (2009). The foundations of female entrepreneurship: Enterprise, home and household in London, c. 1800–1870. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co & (1869). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of Chemists and Druggists …; afterwards Kelly’s Directory of the Chemical Industries …, Vol. 1. Kelly & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co & (1870). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of the Engineers and Iron and Metal (& Motor) Trades …; later Kelly’s Directory of the Engineering, Hardware, Metal and Motor Trades, Vol. 1. Kelly & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1870). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of the Building Trades …, Vol. 1. Kelly & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1870). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of the Grocery & Oil & Color Trades: With which is included the tobacco and provision trades, and wholesale confectioners …, Vol. 1. Kelly & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1872). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of the Leather Trades, Kelly & Co., Vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1872). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of Stationers, Printers, Booksellers, Publishers, and Paper Makers … Kelly & Co., vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1872). The Post Office (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of the Watch and Clock Trades, Goldsmiths and Jewellers …; afterwards Directory of the Watch, Clock and Jewellery Trades, Kelly & Co. vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1877). The Post Office Directory of the Brewers and Maltsters and other Trades connected therewith; (afterwards Kelly’s) Directory of the Wine and Spirit Trades, with which are included Brewers and Maltsters, and Other Trades connected therewith, of England, Scotland and Wales, and also the principal Wine Merchants, etc., on the Continent, Kelly & Co. vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1877). The Post Office Directory of the Merchants and Manufacturers of The United Kingdom, being a Guide to the Export, Shipping and Manufacturing Industries; afterwards Kelly’s Directory of the Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers of The United Kingdom, Being a Guide to the Export and Import Shipping and Manufacturing Industries, Kelly and Co. vol. 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1877). Kelly’s Directory of the Cabinet, Furniture (afterwards Furnishing) and Upholstery Trades … etc (Vol. 1). Kelly & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly & Co (1880). Kelly’s Directory of the manufacturers of textile fabrics …; afterwards Directory of the Textile Industries … (Vol. 1). Kelly & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuznets, S. (1966). Modern economic growth: Rate, structure and spread. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landes, D. S. (1969). The unbound Prometheus: Technological change and industrial development in West Europe from 1750 to the present. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lazonick, W. (1983). Industrial organization and technical change: The decline of the British cotton industry. Business History Review, 57(2), 195–236. https://doi.org/10.2307/3114355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. H. (1984). The service sector, regional specialization, and economic growth in the Victorian economy. Journal of Historical Geography, 10(2), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(84)90115-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesage, É., Haziza, D., & D’Haultfoeuille, X. (2019). A cautionary tale on instrumental calibration for the treatment of nonignorable unit nonresponse in surveys. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 114(526), 906–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2018.1458619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, W. A. (1978). Growth and fluctuations, 1870–1913. Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, P., & Price, R. (1998). The measurement of average farm size. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 49(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1998.tb01254.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyberg, L., & Kasprzyk, D. (1997). Post-survey processing and operations. In L. Lyberg, P. P. Biemer, M. Collins, E. de Leeuw, C. Dippo, N. Scwharz, & D. Trewin (Eds.), Survey measurement and process quality (pp. 353–370). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Macmillan Committee. (1931). Committee on finance and industry: Report [Chair Harold Macmillan, Cmd. 3897]. HMSO.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, A. (1919). Industry and trade: A study of industrial technique and business organization; and their influence on the conditions of various classes and nations. Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J., Bushnell, D., Campanelli, P., & Thomas, R. (1994). A comparison of interviewer and office coding of occupations. Survey Methods Centre Newsletter, Social and Community Planning Research, 15, 18–25.
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey, D. N. (1970). Did Victorian Britain fail?The Economic History Review, 23(3), 446–459. https://doi.org/10.2307/2594615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montebruno, P., Bennett, R. J., Smith, H., & van Lieshout, C. (2020). Machine learning classification of entrepreneurs in British historical census data. Information Processing & Management, 57(3), 102210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2020.102210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montebruno, P., Bennett, R. J., van Lieshout, C., Smith, H., & Satchell, M. (2019). Shifts in agrarian entrepreneurship in mid-Victorian England and Wales. Agricultural History Review, 67, 71–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, T. (1999). Clogs to clogs in three generations? Explaining entrepreneurial performance in Britain since 1850. The Journal of Economic History, 59(3), 688–713. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700023536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, T. (2000). Wealth making in the nineteenth- and early twentieth century: The Rubinstein hypothesis revisited. Business History, 42(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076790000000225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nye, J. V. C. (1991). Lucky fools and cautious businessmen: On entrepreneurship and the measurement of entrepreneurial failure. In J. Mokyr (Ed.), The vital one: Essays in honor of Jonathan R.T. Hughes (pp. 131–152). Research in Economic History Supplement 6, Research Annual, JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• ONS. (2019). Methodology: Census. https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/censustransformationprogramme/progressanddevelopment/methodology
   Google Scholar
• Payne, P. L. (1988). British entrepreneurship in the nineteenth century (2nd ed.). Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Peress, M. (2010). Correcting for survey nonresponse using variable response propensity. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(492), 1418–1430. https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2010.ap09485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkin, H. (1969). The origins of modern English society 1780-1880. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Phelps Brown, E. H., & Handfield-Jones, S. J. (1952). The climacteric of the 1890s: A study in the expanding economy. Oxford Economic Papers, 4(3), 266–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a042212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard, S. (1968). The Genesis of modern management: A study of the industrial revolution in Great Britain. Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• PP. (1888). Report from the select committee on small holdings; with the proceedings of the committee. House of Commons Papers 358, XVIII. 413.
   Google Scholar
• PP. (1895). Small Holdings Act, 1892. Return for each county of number of petitions under Small Holdings Act, 1892; amount of land acquired and number of small holdings provided. House of Commons Papers, 407, LXXXIV. 49.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponses in surveys. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1988). An overview of multiple imputation. Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section of the American Statistical Association, 79–84.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1996). Multiple imputation after 18+ years. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 91(434), 473–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1996.10476908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein, W. D. (2006). Men of property: The very wealthy in Britain since the industrial revolution (2nd ed.). Social Affairs Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Schürer, K., & Higgs, E. (2014). Integrated census microdata (I-CeM), 1851-1911. [Data collection] UK Data Service. SN: 7481. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7481-1
   Google Scholar
• Scott, P. (1994). Learning to multiply: The property market and the growth of multiple retailing in Britain, 1919-39. Business History, 36(3), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076799400000073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw-Taylor, L., & Wrigley, E. A. (2014). Occupational structure and population change. In R. Floud, J. Humphries, & P. Johnson (Eds.), The Cambridge economic history of modern Britain: Volume I, 1700-1870 (pp. 53–88). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, H., Bennett, R. J., van Lieshout, C., & Montebruno, P. (2021a). Households and entrepreneurship in England and Wales. The History of the Family, 26(1), 100–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/1081602X.2020.1796750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, H., Bennett, R. J., van Lieshout, C., & Montebruno, P. (2021b). Entrepreneurship in Scotland, 1851–1911. Journal of Scottish Historical Studies, 41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, F. W. (1911). The principles of scientific management. Harper & Brothers.
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, J. (2009). Thrice denied: “Declinism” as a recurrent theme in British history in the long nineteenth century. Twentieth Century British History, 20(2), 227–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwp019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, J. (2016). De-industrialization not decline: A new meta-narrative for post-war British history. Twentieth Century British History, 27(1), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwv030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Bureau of the Census. (1950). The post-enumeration survey: 1950. US Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• van Lieshout, C., Day, J., Montebruno, P., Bennett, R. J. (2018). Extraction of data on entrepreneurs from the 1871 census to supplement I-CeM [Working Paper 12: ESRC project ES/M010953]. University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.27488
   Google Scholar
• van Lieshout, C., Smith, H., Montebruno, P., & Bennett, R. J. (2019). Female entrepreneurship: Business, marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851-1911. Social History, 44(4), 440–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2019.1656929
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardley, P. (1999). The emergence of big business: The largest corporate employers of labour in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States c. 1907. Business History, 41(4), 88–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/00076799900000346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weeks, A., Fallows, A., Broad, P., Merad, S., & Ashworth, K. (2018). Non-response weights for the UK labour force survey? Results from the census non-response link study. Office of National Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Wennekers, S., Stel, A., van, C., & Thurik, M. R. (2010). The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development: Is it U-shaped? [EIM Research Reports]. Zoetermeer.
   Google Scholar
• Wiener, M. J. (1981). English culture and the decline of the industrial spirit, 1850–1914. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woollard, M., &Schürer, K. (2000). 1881 census for England and Wales, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man (Enhanced Version) [Data collection] SN: 4177. https://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-4177-1
   Google Scholar
• You, X. (2020). Women’s labour force participation in nineteenth-century England and Wales: Evidence from the 1881 census enumerators’ books. The Economic History Review, 73(1), 106–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/ehr.12876
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L.-C., Thomsen, I., & Kleven, Ø. (2013). On the use of auxiliary and paradata for dealing with non-sampling errors in household surveys. International Statistical Review, 81(2), 270–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar