271
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
RESEARCH ARTICLES / ARTICLES DE RECHERCHE

Mothers on the move: manyanos and the social history of transportation in a South African homeland township, 1963–1990

ORCID Icon

References

  • Interviews by the author:
  • Chalumna Baptist Women’s Department. Group Interview at Chalumna Baptist Church, Chalumna, 19 November 2019.
  • Daka, W. Interview in Mdantsane, 28 January 2020. Translated by Phelisa Mtima.
  • Dyakop, E., W. Dyakop, and S. Dyakop. Interview in Mdantsane NU8, 3 December 2019. Translated by Phelisa Mtima.
  • Dynjwa, F. V., and T. Sihele. Interview in East London, 7 February 2020.
  • John, F., and R. Doans. Interview at St. Peter Claver Church, East London, 28 November 2019.
  • Kombele, N. Interview in East London, 16 December 2019.
  • Lebetloane, J. Interview in East London, 2 March 2020.
  • Magqaza, O. N. Interview at First Mdantsane Baptist Church, 13 February 2020.
  • Mantakana, F. Phone interview, 6 February 2020.
  • Menzeleli, N., and M. Menzeleli. Interview in Mdantsane, 18 February 2020. Translated by Phelisa Mtima.
  • Mlomzale, N. Interview in East London, 14 January 2020.
  • Mpetsheni, P. Interview in East London, 10 March 2020.
  • Ngcayiya, M. Interview in East London, 29 January 2020. Translated by Phelisa Mtima.
  • Ngcayiya, M., and M. Nopece. Interview at St Phillip’s Church East London, 15 November 2019. Translated by Phelisa Mtima.
  • Nkwatheni, M. Interview in Mdantsane, 3 March 2020.
  • Tyesi, B., and N. Tyesi. Interview in East London, 25 November 2019.
  • Printed Sources:
  • Argus. 1985. “Talks Bring End to EL Bus Boycott.” March 18.
  • Bank, L. J. 1990. “The Making of the Qwaqwa ‘Mafia’? Patronage and Protection in the Migrant Taxi Business.” African Studies 49 (1): 71–93.
  • Bank, L. J. 2011. Home Spaces, Street Styles: Contesting Power and Identity in a South African City. London: Pluto Press.
  • Bank, L. J. 2019. City of Broken Dreams: Myth-Making, Nationalism, and the University in an African Motor City. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
  • Black, P. A. 1980. “Economic Development in the Ciskei.” In Ciskei: Economics and Politics of Dependence in a South African Homeland, edited by N. Charton, 16–29. London: Croom Helm.
  • Bompani, B. 2010. “Religion and Development from Below: Independent Christianity in South Africa.” Journal of Religion in Africa 40 (3): 307–330.
  • Bonner, P., and N. Nieftagodien. 2008. Alexandra: A History. Johannesburg: Wits University Press.
  • Buso, D. 2005. Interview with E.D. “Lessons from the 1970s Struggles and Strikes in East London.” South African Labour History Project.
  • Coetzee K. and B. Phillips. 1983. “800 Detained: Massive Ciskei Bid to Smash Mdantsane Bus Boycott.” City Press. August 14.
  • Daily Dispatch. 1965. “Presbyterian Women's Union Hold Meeting.” April 13.
  • Daily Dispatch. 1966. “Mdantsane Hit by Transport Costs.” 19 January.
  • Daily Dispatch. 1974. “Bus Boycott as Fares Jump: Police Called in.” December 3.
  • Daily Dispatch. 1975a. “Sebe Government to Take Over Buses.” January. Newspaper clipping reproduced in “Lessons from the 1970s Struggles and Strikes in East London.” South African Labour History Project.
  • Daily Dispatch. 1975b. “Siyo Blames CNP for Bus Boycott.” January. Newspaper clipping reproduced in “Lessons from the 1970s Struggles and Strikes in East London.” South African Labour History Project.
  • Daily Dispatch. 1983. “Taxi Operator Obtains Interim Order.” August 9.
  • Dlamini, J. 2009. Native Nostalgia. Johannesburg: Jacana Media.
  • Dugard, J. 2001. “From Low Intensity War to Mafia War: Taxi Violence in South Africa (1987–2000).” 4. Violence and Transition Series. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
  • Financial Mail. 1984. “Black Taxis: a way through the maze.” February 10.
  • Friedman, S. 1986. Building Tomorrow Today: African Workers in Trade Unions 1970-1984. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
  • Gaitskell, D. 1982. “‘Wailing for Purity’: Prayer Unions, African Mothers and Adolescent Daughters, 1912–1940.” In Industrialisation and Social Change in South Africa: African Class Formation, Culture and Consciousness, 1870–1930, edited by S. Marks, and R. Rathbone, 338–357. London: Longman.
  • Gaitskell, D. 1997. “Power in Prayer and Service: Women’s Christian Organizations.” In Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social, and Cultural History, edited by R. Elphick, and T. R. H. Davenport, 253–267. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gasa, N. 2007. “Feminisms, Motherisms, Patriarchies and Women’s Voices.” In Women in South African History: Basus’iimbokodo, Bawel’imilambo / They Remove Boulders and Cross Rivers, edited by N. Gasa, 207–229. Cape Town: HSRC Press.
  • Gibbs, T. 2014a. “Becoming a ‘Big Man’ in Neo-Liberal South Africa: Migrant Masculinities in the Minibus-Taxi Industry.” African Affairs 113 (452): 431–448.
  • Gibbs, T. 2014b. Mandela’s Kinsmen: Nationalist Elites and Apartheid’s First Bantustan. Johannesburg: James Currey; Jacana.
  • Glanville, H. 2007. “Growing in Faith”: A Historical Sketch of the Diocese of Port Elizabeth, 1847–2007. Port Elizabeth: Editions du Signe.
  • Gordon, T. J. 1980. “Mdantsane: The Evolution of a Dependency.” In Mdantsane: Transitional City, edited by J. Opland and G. Cook, 1–26. Makhanda [Grahamstown]: RISER.
  • Grace, J. R. 2013. “Heroes of the Road: Race, Gender and the Politics of Mobility in Twentieth Century Tanzania.” Africa 83 (3): 403–425.
  • Haddad, B. 2004. “The Manyano Movement in South Africa: Site of Struggle, Survival and Resistance.” Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity 18 (61): 4–13.
  • Hadfield, L. A. 2021. A Bold Profession: African Nurses in Rural Apartheid South Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Hart, J. 2016. Ghana on the Go: African Mobility in the Age of Motor Transportation. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Hassim, S. 1993. “Family, Motherhood and Zulu Nationalism: The Politics of the Inkatha Women’s Brigade.” Feminist Review 43 (1): 1–25.
  • Haysom, N. 1983. “Ruling with the Whip: A Report on the Violation of Human Rights in the Ciskei.” 5. University of the Witwatersrand: Centre for Applied Legal Studies.
  • Healy-Clancy, M. 2017. “The Family Politics of the Federation of South African Women: A History of Public Motherhood in Women’s Antiracist Activism.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 42 (4): 843–866.
  • Higgs, C. 2004. “Zenzele: African Women’s Self-Help Organizations in South Africa, 1927–1998.” African Studies Review 47 (3): 119–141.
  • Ingle, M. 2009. “An Historical Overview of Problems Associated with the Formalization of the South African Minibus Taxi Industry.” New Contree 57: 71–87.
  • James, E. 2018. “Sithutha Isizwe (‘We Carry the Nation’): Dispossession, Displacement, and the Making of the Shared Minibus Taxi in Cape Town and Johannesburg, South Africa, 1930-Present.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
  • Khosa, M. M. 1994. “Accumulation and Labour Relations in the Taxi Industry.” Transformation 24: 55–71.
  • Khosa, M. M. 1998. “‘The Travail of Travelling’: Urban Transport in South Africa, 1930–1996.” Transport Reviews 18 (1): 17–33.
  • Lee, R. 2009. African Women and Apartheid: Migration and Settlement in South Africa. London: IB Tauris.
  • Lissoni, A., and S. Ally. 2018. “Bantustan States.” African Historical Review 50 (1–2): 1–3.
  • Lodge, T. 1983. Black Politics in South Africa Since 1945. Johannesburg: Ravan Press.
  • Masola, A. 2021. “I Cite a Little Prayer: Name Your Black Feminist Sources.” Sunday Times, May 2. https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times-daily/opinion-and-analysis/2021-05-02-i-cite-a-little-prayer-name-your-black-feminist-sources/.
  • Mayer, P., and I. Mayer. 1971. Townsmen or Tribesmen: Conservatism and the Process of Urbanization in a South African City. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  • McCarthy, J., and M. Swilling. 1985. “The Apartheid City and the Politics of Bus Transportation.” Cahiers d’Études Africaines 25 (99): 381–400.
  • Mutongi, K. 2017. Matatu: A History of Popular Transport in Nairobi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ndebele, N. S. 1991. Rediscovery of the Ordinary: Essays on South African Literature and Culture. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
  • Nel, E. L. 1990. “Mdantsane, East London’s Homeland Township: Municipal Neglect and Apartheid Planning 1949–1988.” GeoJournal 22 (3): 305–313.
  • Ngcobozi, L. 2020. Mothers of the Nation: Manyano Women in South Africa. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
  • Opland, J., and G. Cook, eds. 1980. Mdantsane: Transitional City. Makhanda [Grahamstown]: Rhodes University, Institute of Social and Economic Research.
  • Parcells, A. 2018. “Rural Development, Royal History, and the Struggle for Authority in Early Apartheid Zululand (1951–4).” The Journal of African History 59 (2): 199–219.
  • Pauw, B. A. 1973. The Second Generation: A Study of the Family Among Urbanized Bantu in East London. 2nd ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  • Payi, N. 2005. Interview with E.D. “Lessons from the 1970s Struggles and Strikes in East London.” South African Labour History Project.
  • Pirie, G. H. 1983. “Urban Bus Boycott in Alexandra Township, 1957.” African Studies 42 (1): 67–77.
  • Raise, S. 1983. “82 000 Minibuses Give Unique National Service.” The Star. August 22.
  • Salo, E. R. 2018. Respectable Mothers, Tough Men and Good Daughters: Producing Persons in Manenberg Township South Africa. Bamenda: Langaa Research & Publishing Common Initiative Group.
  • Seekings, J. 2000. The UDF: A History of the United Democratic Front in South Africa, 1983–1991. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
  • South African Labour History Project. 2006. “Lessons from the 1970s Struggles and Strikes in East London.” Labour Research Service. CD-ROM.
  • Sowetan. 1985. “Cabbies Take Stand Against Thugs.” October 16.
  • Swilling, M. 1984. “‘The Buses Smell of Blood’: The East London Boycott.” South African Labour Bulletin 9 (5): 30. https://disa.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/pdf_files/LaMar84.0377.5429.009.005.Mar1984.13.pdf.
  • Willson, S. 1983. “Naamsa backs minibuses.” Rand Daily Mail. January 1.
  • Xinwa, L. 1983. “Arrest: Time and Innocence Discounted.” Daily Dispatch. August 12.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.