Political leadership – the key for explaining post-communist diversity

Bibliography

• Ackerman, Bruce. The Future of Liberal Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Bennich-Björkman, Li. “The Cultural Roots of Estonia’s Successful Transition: How Historical Legacies Shaped the 1990s.” East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 2 (2007): 316–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bideleux, Robert. “‘Europeanisation’ and the Limits to Democratization in East Central Europe.” In Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in East-Central Europe, edited by Geoffrey Pridham and Attila Agh, 25–53. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Archie. “From Democratization to ‘Guided Democracy’.” In Democracy after Communism, edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 209–215. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew. “The Primacy of History and Culture.” In Democracy after Communism, edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 194–200. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce, Valerie, and Sharon L. Wolchik. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Post-Communist Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce, Valerie, and Sharon L. Wolchik. “Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions.” Journal of Democracy 17, no. 4 (2006): 5–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coricelli, Fabrizio. “Democracy in the Post-Communist World: Unfinished Business.” East European Politics and Societies 21, no.1 (2007): 82–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, Jane. “The Sociological Legacies of Communism.” In The Legacies of Communism in Eastern Europe, edited by Zoltan Barany and Ivan Volgyes, 55–83. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• D’Anieri, Paul. “Explaining the Success and Failure of Post-Communist Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006): 331–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekiert, Grzegorz. “Patterns of Postcommunist Transformation in Central and Eastern Europe.” In Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule, edited by Grzegorz Ekiert and Stephen E. Hanson, 89–119. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Ekiert, Grzegorz, and Jan Kubik. “The Legacies of 1989: Myths and Realities of Civil Society.” Journal of Democracy 25, no. 1 (2014): 46–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. “Development and Cooperation, Europe Aid, Belarus.” 2014. Accessed October 15, 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/countries/belarus_en
   Google Scholar
• Fish, M. Steven. “Putin’s Path.” In Democracy after Communism, edited by Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 246–253. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, M. Steven, and Matthew Kroenig. “Diversity, Conflict and Democracy: Some Evidence from Eurasia and East Europe.” Democratization 13, no. 5 (2006): 828–842.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House Organization. “Freedom in the World, Belarus.” 1998. Accessed October 15, 2015. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/1998/belarus#.VG4FbGeaf20
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House Organization. “Freedom in the World, Slovakia.” 2001. Accessed October 15, 2015. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2001/slovakia#.VG4J4Weaf20
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House Organization. “Freedom in the World.” 2014. Accessed October 15, 2015. http://www.freedomhouse.org/
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House Organization. “Methodology.” 2015. Accessed January 24, 2016. http://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2012/methodology
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House Organization. “Nations in Transit 2015.” 2015. Accessed October 15, 2015. http://www.freedomhouse.org/
   Google Scholar
• Frye, Timothy. “A Politics of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidencies.” Comparative Political Studies 30, no. 5 (1997): 523–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frye, Timothy. “Presidents, Parliaments, and Democracy: Insights from the Post-Communist World.” In The Architecture of Democracy. Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, edited by Andrew Reynolds, 81–103. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, Tom. Modern Romania: The End of Communism, the Failure of Democratic Reform, and the Theft of a Nation. New York: New York University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, Tom. Theft of a Nation. Romania since Communism. London: Hurst & Company, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ganev, Venelin. Preying on the State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Grzymala-Busse, Anna. “Authoritarian Determinants of Democratic Party Competition: The Communist Successor Parties in East Central Europe.” Party Politics 12, no. 3 (2006): 415–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grzymala-Busse, Anna. “Redeeming the Past: Communist Successor Parties after 1989.” In Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule, edited by Grzegorz Ekiert and Stephen E. Hanson, 157–181. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Grzymala-Busse, Anna, and Innes Abby. “Great Expectations: The EU and Domestic Political Competition in East Central Europe.” East European Politics and Societies 17, no. 1 (2003): 64–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry E. “Democracy or Autocracy on the March? The Colored Revolutions as Normal Dynamics of Patronal Presidentialism.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006): 305–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry E. “Formal Constitutions in Informal Politics. Institutions and Democratization in Post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics 63, no. 4 (2011): 581–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, Stephen. “The Leninist Legacy and Institutional Change.” Comparative Political Studies 28, no. 2 (1995): 306–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, Stephen. “The Leninist Legacy, Institutional Change, and Post-Soviet Russia.” In Liberalization and Leninist Legacies. Comparative Perspectives on Democratic Transition, edited by Beverly Crawford and Arend Lijphart, 228–242. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Ishiyama, John T. “Historical Legacies and the Size of the Red-Brown Vote in Post-Communist Politics.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42 (2009): 485–504.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, Carsten, and Svend-Erik Skaaning. “Modernization, Ethnic Fractionalization, and Democracy.” Democratization 19, no. 6 (2012): 1117–1137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jowitt, Ken. New World Disorder: The Leninist Extinction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert. “Accounting for Post-Communist Regime Diversity. What Counts as a Good Cause?” In Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: Assessing the Legacy of Communist Rule, edited by Grzegorz Ekiert and Stephen E. Hanson, 49–86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, Herbert, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslaw Markowski, and Gabor Toka. Post-Communist Party Systems. Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Koinova, Maria. “Diasporas and Democratization in the Post-Communist World.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42 (2009): 41–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolarska-Bobinska, Lena. “The EU Accession and Strengthening of Institutions in East Central Europe: The Case of Poland.” East European Politics and Societies 17, no. 1 (2003): 91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopstein, Jeffrey, and Mark Lichbach, eds. Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Kuzio, Taras. “Civil Society, Youth and Societal Mobilization in Democratic Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006): 365–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levintova, Ekaterina. “Revisiting Russian and Polish Elite Value Orientation: Are the Elites Still Committed to the Original Goals of Post-Communist Transformation?” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006): 175–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. “International Linkage and Democratization.” Journal of Democracy 16, no. 3 (2005): 20–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. “Ties That Bind? Leverage, Linkage, and Democratization in the Post-Cold War World.” International Studies Review 7, no. 3 (2005): 519–524.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, Juan J. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1, no. 1 (1990): 51–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marples, David. Belarus: A Denationalized Nation. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• McDonagh, Ecaterina. “Is Democracy Promotion Effective in Moldova? The Impact of European Institutions on Development of Civil and Political Rights in Moldova.” Democratization 15, no. 1 (2008): 142–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitropolitski, Simeon. “Comprendre la diversité des régimes politiques au sein des pays post-communistes.” Politique et Sociétés 30, no. 3 (2011): 123–148.
   Google Scholar
• Petrovic, Milenko. The Democratic Transition of Post-Communist Europe: In the Shadow of Communist Differences and Uneven Europeanisation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Petrovic, Milenko. “The Role of Geography and History in Determining the Slower Progress of Post-Communist Transition in the Balkans.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41 (2008): 123–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polity IV Project. 2014. Accessed October 15, 2015. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polityproject.html
   Google Scholar
• Pop-Eleches, Grigore. “Between Historical Legacies and the Promise of Western Integration: Democratic Conditionality after Communism.” East European Politics and Societies 21, no. 1 (2007): 142–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pop-Eleches, Grigore, and Joshua A. Tucker. “Associated with the Past? Communist Legacies and Civic Participation in Post-Communist Countries.” East European Politics and Society 27, no. 1 (2013): 45–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pridham, Geoffrey. Designing Democracy: EU Enlargement and Regime Change in Post-Communist Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Pridham, Geoffrey. “Rethinking Regime-Change Theory and the International Dimension of Democratization: Ten Years after in East-Central Europe.” In Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in East-Central Europe, edited by Geoffrey Pridham and Attila Agh, 54–95. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Raik, Kristi. “EU Accession of Central and Eastern European Countries: Democracy and Integration as Conflicting Logics.” East European Politics and Societies 18, no. 4 (2004): 567–594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roeder, Philip G. “The Rejection of Authoritarianism.” In Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy, edited by Richard D. Anderson, Jr., M. Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson, and Philip G. Roeder, 11–54. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Roeder, Philip G. “Varieties of Post-Soviet Authoritarian Regimes.” Post-Soviet Affairs 10, no. 1 (1994): 61–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasse, Gwendolyn. “Linkages and the Promotion of Democracy: The EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood.” Democratization 20, no. 4 (2013): 553–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schopflin, George. Politics in Eastern Europe: 1945–1992. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Shvetsova, Olga. “Institutions and Coalition-Building in Post-Communist Transitions.” In The Architecture of Democracy. Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy, edited by Andrew Reynolds, 55–78. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Silitski, Vitali. “Survival of the Fittest: Domestic and International Dimensions of the Authoritarian Reaction in the Former Soviet Union Following the Colored Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 43 (2010): 339–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simão, Licínia. “The Problematic Role of EU Democracy Promotion in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45 (2012): 193–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinsdorff, Silvia von. “Incomplete State Building – Incomplete Democracy? How to Interpret Internal Political Development in the Post-Soviet de facto States. Conclusion.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45 (2012): 201–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudoroiu, Theodor. “Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed Post-Soviet Revolutions.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40 (2007): 315–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tudoroiu, Theodor. “Structural Factors vs. Regime Change: Moldova’s Difficult Quest for Democracy.” Democratization 18, no. 1 (2011): 236–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vachudova, Milada Anna. Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage, and Integration after Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Valkov, Nikolay. “Membership in Voluntary Organizations and Democratic Performance: European Post-Communist Countries in Comparative Perspective.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42 (2009): 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volgyes, Ivan. “The Economic Legacies of Communism.” In The Legacies of Communism in Eastern Europe, edited by Zoltan Barany and Ivan Volgyes, 42–54. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Volgyes, Ivan. “The Legacies of Communism: An Introductory Essay.” In The Legacies of Communism in Eastern Europe, edited by Zoltan Barany and Ivan Volgyes, 1–22. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Way, Lucan A., and Steven Levitsky. “The Dynamics of Autocratic Coercion after the Cold War.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39 (2006): 387–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar