Duplicate Breath Alcohol Testing: Should the Statutory wait in Canada of “at least 15 Minutes” Between Tests be Changed?

REFERENCES

• Criminal Code, sec 258(1)(c)(ii)
   Google Scholar
• R v Taylor (1983), 7 C.C.C. (3d) 293 (Ont. C.A.).
   Google Scholar
• Gullberg R.G. Breath Alcohol Measurement Variability Associated with Different Instrumentation and Protocols. Forensic Sci. Int. 2003; 131: 30–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denney R.G. Assessment of Collected data Relating to Evidential Breath Tests. In Great Britain in Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. October 24–27, 1989, M.W. Bud Perrine (ed), NSC, Chicago, Illinois
   Google Scholar
• Dubowski K.M. Duplicate Breath-Alcohol Testing [Letter]. Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol. 1988; 9: 272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wigmore J.G. and Lucas D.M. The Intoxilyzer 5000C- A Computerized Infrared Evidentiary Breath Alcohol Instrument. J. Motor Vehicle Law. 1994; 5: 119–140.
   Google Scholar
• Recommended Standards and Procedures of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science Alcohol Test Committee. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J. 2003; 36: 101–127.
   Google Scholar
• Gullberg R.G. Duplicate Breath Testing: Statistical vs Forensic Significance of Differences. Forensic Sci. Soc. 1987; 27: 315–319.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullberg R.G. Duplicate Breath Testing: Some Statistical Analyses. Forensic Sci. Int. 1988; 37: 205–213.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones A.W. Quantitative Measurements of the Alcohol Concentration and Temperature of Breath During Prolonged Exhalation. Acta Physicol. Scand. 1982; 114: 407–412.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mulder J.A.G. and Neuteboom W. The Effects of Hypo- and Hyperventilation on Breath Alcohol Measurements. Blutalkohol 1987; 24: 341–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullberg R. The Mathematical Analysis of Breath Alcohol Profiles Generated During Breath Exhalation. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1990; 14: 358–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones A.W. Jorfeldt L. Hjertberg H. and Jonsson K.A. Physiological Variations in Blood Ethanol Measurements During the Post-Absorptive State. J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 1990; 30: 273–283.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullberg R.G. and McElroy A.J. Identifying Components of Variability in Breath Alcohol Analysis [Letter]. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1992; 16: 208–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberger B.A. and Caplan Y.H. Infrared Quantitative Evidential Breath-Alcohol Analyzers: In Vitro Accuracy and Precision Studies. J. Forensic Sci. 1986; 31: 16–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund A. The Rate of Disappearance of Blood Alcohol in Drunken Drivers. Blutalkohol. 1979; 16: 395–398.
   Google Scholar
• Gershman H. and Steeper J. Rate of Clearance of Ethanol from the Blood of Intoxicated Patients in the Emergency Department. J. Emerg. Med. 1991; 9: 307–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones A.W. Disappearance Rate of Ethanol from the Blood of Human Subjects: Implications in Forensic Toxicology. J. Forensic Sci. 1993; 38: 104–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding P.M., Laessig R.H. and Field P.H. Field Performance of the Intoxilyzer 5000: A Comparison of Blood- and Breath-Alcohol Results in Wisconsin Drivers. J. Forensic Sci. 1990; 35: 1022–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkie M.P. Wigmore J.G. and Patrick J.W. The Performance of the Approved Screening Device, The Alcotest 7410 GLC in the Field: Low Incidence of False Positive Results in the Identification of Drinking Drivers. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J. 2003; 36: 165–171
   Google Scholar
• Wigmore J.G. and Wilkie M.P. A Simulation of the Effect of Blood in the Mouth on Breath Alcohol Concentrations of Drinking Subjects. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J. 2002; 35: 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Kechagias S. Jonsson K-A. Franzein T. Andersson L. and Jones A.W. Relibality of Breath- Alcohol Analysis in Individuals with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J. Forensic Sci. 1999; 44: 814–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullberg R.G. Breath Alcohol Analysis in One Subject with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J. Forensic Sci. 2001; 46: 1498–1503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denney R.C. and Williams, P.M. Mouth Alcohol: Some Theoretical and Practical Considerations. In Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety—T86, P.C. Noordzij and R. Roszbach (eds), Elsevier Science Publishers, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Dubowski K.M. Studies in Breath Alcohol Analysis: Biological Factors. Z. Rechtsmedizin. 1975; 76: 93–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buczek Y. and Wigmore J.G. The Significance of Breath Sampling Frequency on the Mouth Alcohol Effect. Can. Soc. Forensic Sci. J. 2002; 35: 185–193
   Google Scholar