The Monad: The Hegemony of Personality—Eric Williams and the Post Independence Imagination of Trinidad, 1956–1981

NOTES

• Bridget Brereton, “Contesting the Past: Narratives of Trinidad and Tobago History”, New West Indian Guide 81, nos. 3 & 4 (2007): 169–96.
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn Ryan, Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974), 109, 135.
   Google Scholar
• Ivar Oxaal, Black Intellectuals Come to Power (Boston: Schenkman, 1982), 96.
   Google Scholar
• Eric Williams, Inward Hunger: The Education of a Prime Minister (Princeton: Markus Weiner, 2006), 132.
   Google Scholar
• Simon During, “Literature: Nationalism's Other? The Case for Revision”, in Nation and Narration, ed. Homi Bhabha (London: Routledge, 1990), 142.
   Google Scholar
• Martha Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 404.
   Google Scholar
• Anton Allahar, ed., Caribbean Charisma: Reflections on Leadership, Legitimacy and Populist Politics (Kingston: Ian Randle, 2001).
   Google Scholar
• Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1991).
   Google Scholar
• Linda Alcoff Martin, Introduction to Identities: Race, Class, Gender and Nationality, ed. Linda Alcoff Martin and Eduardo Mendieta (London: Blackwell, 2003), 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• During, “Literature: Nationalism's Other?”, 142–43.
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought, 403–5.
   Google Scholar
• Samuel Huntington and Lawrence Harrison, Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
   Google Scholar
• Anna Wiezerbka, “Emotion, Language and Cultural Scripts”, in Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence, ed. Shinobu Kitayama and Hazel Rose Markus (Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994), 133–97.
   Google Scholar
• Christina Kotchemidova, “Emotions Culture and Cognitive Constructions of Reality”, Communication Quarterly 58, no. 2 (2010): 207–34.
   Google Scholar
• Carol Z. Stearns, “Lord Help Me Walk Humbly: Anger and Emotions in England and America, 1570–1750”, in Emotions: A Cultural Studies Reader, ed. Jennifer Harding and E. Diedre Pribam (London: Roudedge, 2009), 170–91.
   Google Scholar
• Raymond Ramcharitar, “The Beacon Short Story and the Colonial Imaginary in Trinidad”, in The Caribbean Short Story: Critical Perspectives, ed. Lucy Evans, Mark McWatt and Emma Smith (Leeds: Peepal Tree Press, 2011), 59–77.
   Google Scholar
• See, for example: Gordon Rohlehr, My Strangled City (Port of Spain: Longman, 1992); Oxaal, Black Intellectuals;, Colin Palmer, Eric Williams and the Making of the Modern Caribbean (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006); as well as several books by Selwyn Ryan cited throughout this essay.
   Google Scholar
• Earl Lovelace, The Dragon Can't Dance (London: Faber, 1999).
   Google Scholar
• Brinsley Samaroo, “The Race Factor in the Independence Discussions at Marlborough House, 1962”, in Caribbean Issues: A Journal of Caribbean Affairs 8, no. 1 (1996): 127.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Inward Hunger, 16–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 285.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, 109.
   Google Scholar
• Eric Williams, The Negro in the Caribbean (1942; New York: A&B Books, 1994).
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Inward Hunger, 68–69.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 83.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 94.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 113.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 132.
   Google Scholar
• C.L.R. James, Beyond a Boundary (London: Yellow Jersey Press, 2005), 26.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Inward Hunger, 65.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 244.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 268, 336.
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn Ryan, Revolution and Reaction: A Study of Party and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago, 1970–1981 (St Augustine, Trinidad: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1989), 8–25.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 309.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 330.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, 352.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur N.R. Robinson, The Mechanics of Independence: Patterns of Political and Social Transformation in Trinidad and Tobago (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1971), 131.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd Best made this reference in one of his newspaper columns which I have not been able to locate.
   Google Scholar
• Erica Williams Connell, interviewed in Inward Hunger, a biographical film on Williams directed by Mariel Brown (Trinidad: Savant Productions, 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Oxaal, Black Intellectuals, 182.
   Google Scholar
• I detail the breakdown in almost every sphere of society in my unpublished doctoral thesis, “The Hidden History of Trinidad: Underground Culture in Trinidad 1870–1970”, (University of the West Indies, St Augustine, 2008), 336–44.
   Google Scholar
• Oxaal, Black Intellectuals, 183.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Imagined Communities, 195, 201.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Inward Hunger, 132.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 163.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 169, 233.
   Google Scholar
• George Lamming, “The Legacy of Eric Williams”, Caribbean Issues: A Journal of Caribbean Affairs 8, no. 1 (1996): 6.
   Google Scholar
• Oxaal, Black Intellectuals, 98.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, 109.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, Eric Williams, 11.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Mechanics of Independence, 133.
   Google Scholar
• James, Beyond a Boundary, 88.
   Google Scholar
• Selwyn Ryan, Eric Williams: The Man and the Myth (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2009), 763.
   Google Scholar
• Rohlehr, My Strangled City, 206.
   Google Scholar
• Lovelace, The Dragon Can't Dance, 57.
   Google Scholar
• Rohlehr, My Strangled City, 329–34.
   Google Scholar
• Quoted in Ryan, Revolution and Reaction, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, Mechanics of Independence, 133.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, 346–56.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., 340.
   Google Scholar
• Rohlehr, My Strangled City, 334–35.
   Google Scholar
• Samuel Wendell, “Migration and Remittances: A Case Study in the Caribbean”, The Caribbean Economy: A Reader, ed. Dennis Pantin (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2005), 585.
   Google Scholar
• Klaus Schwab and Xavier Sala-i-Martin, The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012 (Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2011), 348–49.
   Google Scholar