Guidelines for Standardizing the Design of Tactile Maps: A Review of Research and Best Practice

References

• Amendola, R. (1976) “Practical Consideration in Tactile Map Design” Long Cane Newsletter 9 pp.22–24.
   Google Scholar
• BANA and the CBA (2010) Guidelines and Standards for Tactile Graphics Available at: www.brailleauthority.org/tg (Accessed: 5th August 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Barth, J. (1983) “Factors Affecting Line Tracing in Tactile Graphs” The Journal of Special Education 17 (2) pp.215–226 DOI: 10.1177/002246698301700213.
   Google Scholar
• Barvir, R., Vondrakova, A. and Brus, J. (2021) “Efficient Interactive Tactile Maps : A Semi-Automated Workflow Using the TouchIt3D Technology and OpenStreetMap Data” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10 (8) p.505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentzen, B.L. (1980) “Orientation Aids” In Welsh, R.L. and Blasch, B.B. (Eds) Foundations of Orientation and Mobility New York: American Foundation for the Blind, pp.291–355.
   Google Scholar
• Bentzen, B.L. and Marston, J. (2010) “Teaching the Use of Orientation Aids for Orientation and Mobility” In Wiener, W.R., Welsh, R.L. and Blasch, B.B. (Eds) Foundations of Orientation and Mobility (3rd ed.) New York: American Foundation for the Blind, pp.315–351.
   Google Scholar
• Bentzen, B.L. and Peck, A. (1979) “Factors Affecting Traceability of Lines for Tactile Graphics” Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 73 p.7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boczar, S. (1977) Kartografia: opracowanie map i reprodukcja kartograficzna Kraków, Poland: Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. S. Staszica.
   Google Scholar
• Bris, M. (2001) “Guide de l’acheteur public de produits graphiques en relief a l’usage des personnes deficientes visuelles. Ministere de l’economie des finances et de l’industrie” Available at: https://www.economie.gouv.fr/daj/guide-lacheteur-public-produits-graphiques-relief-a-lusage-des-personnes-deficientes-visuelles-n (Accessed: 5th August 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Brittell, M.E., Lobben, A.K. and Lawrence, M.M. (2018) “Usability Evaluation of Tactile Map Symbols Across Three Production Technologies” Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1200590.pdf.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brulé, E., Bailly, G., Brock, A., Valentin, F., Denis, G. and Jouffrais, C. (2016) “MapSense: Multi-Sensory Interactive Maps for Children Living with Visual Impairments” Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings pp.445–457 DOI: 10.1145/2858036.2858375.
   Google Scholar
• Brulé, E., Tomlinson, B., Metatla, O., Jouffrais, C., Serrano, M., Serrano Review, M. and Tomlinson, B.J. (2020) “Review of Quantitative Empirical Evaluations of Technology for People with Visual Impairments.” Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Honolulu, 25th-30th April 2020, pp.1–14 DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376749ï.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, M., Holloway, L.M., Reinders, S., Goncu, C. and Marriott, K. (2021) “Technology Developments in Touch-Based Accessible Graphics: A Systematic Review of Research 2010-2020” pp.1–15 DOI: 10.1145/3411764.3445207.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, H. (2021) “Tactile Cartography in the Digital Age: A Review and Research Agenda” Progress in Human Geography 45 (4) pp.834–854 DOI: 10.1177/0309132521995877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Červenka, P., Břinda, K., Hanousková, M., Hofman, P. and Seifert, R. (2016) “Blind Friendly Maps: Tactile Maps for the Blind as a Part of the Public Map Portal (Mapy.cz)” Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 9759 pp.131–138 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41267-2_18.
   Google Scholar
• Červenka, P., Hanouskov, M., Másilko, L. and Nečas, O. (2013) Tactile Graphics Production and its Principles Brno: Masaryk University: Teiresiás – Support Centre for Students with Special Needs.
   Google Scholar
• Danish Association of the Blind (2018) Braille Teaching and Literacy: A Report for the European Blind Union Available at: https://www.pathstoliteracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Braille_teaching_and_literacy_report_Europe_Jan_2018.pdf (Accessed: 5th August 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Davis, L.R., Fishburn, K.A., Lestinsky, H., Moore, L.R. and Walter, J.L. (2019) “US Topo Product Standard” U.S. Geological Survey Standards Book 11, Collection and Delineation of Spatial Data (2nd ed.) Reston, Virginia: DOI: 10.3133/tm11b2.
   Google Scholar
• de Mello, H.B.P. (2018) Produção e validação da Caixa Tátil-Sonora como ferramenta educacional de Tecnologia Assistiva para alunos deficientes visuais Niterói, Brazil: Universidade Federal Fluminense.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, R.D. and Bentzen, B.L. (1980) “Perception of Tactile Route Configurations by Blind and Sighted Observers” Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 74 (7) pp.254–261 DOI: 10.1177/0145482X8007400703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edman, P.K. (1992) Tactile Graphics New York: American Foundation for the Blind.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, Y., Jansson, G. and Strucel, M. (2003) Tactile Maps – Guidelines for the Production of Maps for the Visually Impaired Enskede, Sweden: The Swedish Braille Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, L. (1990) “Tactual Mapping” In Perkins, C. and Parry, R. (Eds) Information Sources in Cartography London: Bowker Saur, pp.409–422.
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner, A. and Perkins, C. (2002) “Tactile Book Advancement Group” Available at: http://www.tactilebooks.org/tactileguidelines/page1.htm (Accessed: 9th July 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Giudice, N.A., Guenther, B.A., Jensen, N.A. and Haase, K.N. (2020) “Cognitive Mapping Without Vision: Comparing Wayfinding Performance After Learning from Digital Touchscreen-Based Multimodal Maps vs. Embossed Tactile Overlays” Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 14 p.87 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii & Polski Związek Niewidomych (2006) Atlas geograficzny Europy Warsaw: Tyflograf. Available at: https://tyflomapy.pl/Atlas_Geograficzny_Europy.html.
   Google Scholar
• Götzelmann, T. and Pavkovic, A. (2014) “Towards Automatically Generated Tactile Detail Maps by 3D Printers for Blind Persons” In Miesenberger, K., Fels, D., Archambault, D., Peňáz, P. and Zagler, W. (Eds) Computers Helping People with Special Needs. ICCHP 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Cham: Springer, pp.1–7 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08599-9_1
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, A.L., Robinson, A.C. and Roth, R.E. (2017) “Envisioning the Future of Cartographic Research” International Journal of Cartography 3 (sup1) pp.1–8 DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2017.1316466.
   Google Scholar
• Grygorenko, W. (1970) Redakcja i Opracowanie map ogólnogeograficznych Warsaw: Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych.
   Google Scholar
• Gual, J., Puyuelo, M. and Lloveras, J. (2015) “The Effect of Volumetric (3D) Tactile Symbols Within Inclusive Tactile Maps” Applied Ergonomics 48 pp.1–10 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.10.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hänßgen, D. (2015) “HaptOSM-Creating Tactile Maps for the Blind and Visually Impaired” Mensch und Computer 2015 – Workshopband, pp.405–410.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, W.R. (1958) “Maps and Graphics for the Blind: Some Aspects of the Discriminability of Textural Surfaces for use in Areal Differentiation” (PhD thesis) University of Washington.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, L., Marriott, K. and Butler, M. (2018) “Accessible Maps for the Blind: Comparing 3D Printed Models with Tactile Graphics” Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ‘18, pp.1–13 DOI: 10.1145/3173574.3173772.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, L., Marriott, K., Reinders, S. and Butler, M. (2019) “3D Printed Maps and Icons for Inclusion: Testing in the Wild by People Who are Blind or Have Low Vision” ASSETS 2019 – 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, pp.183–195 Pittsburgh: 28–30th October 2019, pp.183–195 DOI: 10.1145/3308561.3353790.
   Google Scholar
• ICEB (2002) “International Council on English Braille” Available at: http://www.iceb.org/icetac.html (Accessed: 21st November 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas y Geografia (2017) Metodología "para la elaboración de cartografía táctil mediante la tecnica de termoformado Aguascalientes, Mexico: INEG.
   Google Scholar
• ISO (2013) ISO 17049 – Accessible Design – Application of Braille on Signage, Equipment and Appliances.
   Google Scholar
• ISO (2016) ISO 19028 – Accessible Design – Information Contents, Figuration and Display Methods of Tactile Guide Maps.
   Google Scholar
• ISO (2019) ISO 24508 – Ergonomics – Accessible Design Guidelines for Designing Tactile Symbols and Characters.
   Google Scholar
• James, G.A. (1975) “A Kit for Making Raised Maps” The Cartographic Journal 12 (1) pp.50–52 DOI: 10.1179/caj.1975.12.1.50.
   Google Scholar
• James, G.A. (2009) “Mobility Maps” In Schiff, W. and Foulke, E. (Eds) Tactual Perception: A Sourcebook New York: Cambridge University Press, pp.334–363.
   Google Scholar
• James, G.A. and Gill, J.M. (1975) “A Pilot Study on the Discriminability of Tactile Areal and Line Symbols for the Blind” Research Billetin of the American Foundation for the Blind 29 pp.23–31.
   Google Scholar
• Jansson, G. (1987) “An International Pool of Useful Symbols for Tactual Pictures” Wenner-Gren Center Regional Seminar on New Technologies for Handicapped in Special Education Stockholm: 11th–15th May.
   Google Scholar
• Jehoel, S., McCallum, D., Rowell, J. and Ungar, S. (2006) “An Empirical Approach on the Design of Tactile Maps and Diagrams: The Cognitive Tactualization Approach” British Journal of Visual Impairment 24 (2) pp.67–75 DOI: 10.1177/0264619606063402.
   Google Scholar
• Jehoel, S., Sowden, P.T., Ungar, S. and Sterr, A. (2009) “Tactile Elevation Perception in Blind and Sighted Participants and its Implications for Tactile Map Creation” Human Factors 51 (2) pp.208–223 DOI: 10.1177/0018720809334918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jehoel, S., Ungar, S., McCallum, D. and Rowell, J. (2005) “An Evaluation of Substrates for Tactile Maps and Diagrams: Scanning Speed and Users’ Preferences” Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 99 (2) pp.85–95 DOI: 10.1177/0145482X0509900203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jesenský, J. (1988) Hmatové vnímání informací s pomocí tyflografi Prague: SPN.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, J.M. (2006) “How the Blind Draw” Scientific American 16 (3s) pp.44–51 DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-44sp.
   Google Scholar
• Kent, A.J. (2019) “Maps, Materiality and Tactile Aesthetics” The Cartographic Journal 56 (1) pp.1–3 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2019.1601932.
   Google Scholar
• Klatzky, R.L. and Lederman, S.J. (2003) “Touch” In Healy, A.F. and Proctor, R.W. (Eds) Handbook of Psychology, Volume 4: Experimental Psychology Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, p.151.
   Google Scholar
• Laufenberg, W. (1988) “Euro-Town-Kit: A Set of Standardized Symbols for Making Town Maps for Visually Handicapped Persons” Review of the European Blind 17 p.4.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard, J.A. and Newman, R.C. (1970) “Three Types of ‘Maps’ for Blind Travel” Ergonomics 13 (2) pp.165–179 DOI: 10.1080/00140137008931130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobben, A. (2015) “Tactile Maps and Mapping” Journal of Blindness Innovation and Research 5 (1) pp.1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo, M., Miura, T., Ichikari, R., Kato, K. and Kurata, T. (2020) “OTASCE Map: A Mobile Map Tool with Customizable Audio-Tactile Cues for the Visually Impaired” Journal on Technology and Persons with Disabilities 8 pp.82–103.
   Google Scholar
• Mukhiddinov, M. and Kim, S.-Y. (2021) “A Systematic Literature Review on the Automatic Creation of Tactile Graphics for the Blind and Visually Impaired” Processes 9 p.1726 DOI: 10.3390/pr9101726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The NSW Tactual and Bold Print Mapping Committee (2006) A Guide for the Production of Tactual and Bold Print Maps (3rd ed.) Available at: https://printdisability.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/TabMap-Tactual-Maps-Guide-3-2006.pdf(Accessed: 5th August 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Nagel, D.L.D. and Coulson, M.R.C. (1990) “Tactual Mobility Maps: A Comparative Study” Cartographica 27 (2) pp.47–63 DOI: 10.3138/D310-6U13-H13J-H414.
   Google Scholar
• National Braille Press (2021) “About the Princeton Braillist Collection” Available at: https://www.nbp.org/ic/nbp/publications/princetonbraillists.html (Accessed: 4th October 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Nogueira, R.E. (2009) “Mapas Táteis Padronizados e Acessíveis na Web” Benjamin Constant 15 (43) pp.16–27.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, C. and Morris, J. (1963) Tactual Symbols for the Blind: Final Report Louisville, Kentucky: American Printing House for the Blind.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, C., and Morris, J. (1971) Improvement of Tactual Symbols for Blind Children: Final Report Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education and Welfare DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
   Google Scholar
• Olczyk, M. (2014) “Zasady opracowania map dotykowych dla osób niewidomych i słabowidzących” Polish Cartographical Review 46 (4) pp.413–442.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey, M., Subramonyam, H., Sasia, B., Oney, S. and O’Modhrain, S. (2020) “Explore, Create, Annotate: Designing Digital Drawing Tools with Visually Impaired People” Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376349.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, C. (2002) “Cartography: Progress in Tactile Mapping” Progress in Human Geography 26 (4) pp.521–530 DOI: 10.1191/0309132502ph383pr.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piątkowski, F. (1969) Redakcja map i reprodukcja kartograficzna Warsaw: PWN.
   Google Scholar
• Pike, E., Blades, M. and Spencer, C. (1992) “A Comparison of Two Types of Tactile Maps for Blind Children” Cartographica 29 (3–4) pp.83–88 DOI: 10.3138/RQ41-Q433-8411-7G40.
   Google Scholar
• Polak, M. and Olczyk, M. (2010) “Redakcja tyflokartograficzna” Przegląd Tyflologiczny 1–2 pp.40–41.
   Google Scholar
• Ratajski, L. (1989) Metodyka kartografii społeczno-gospodarczej (2nd ed.) Wrocław: PPWK.
   Google Scholar
• Regis, T. and Nogueira, R.E. (2013) “Contribuição para o ensino-aprendizagem degeografia: A padronizacao de mapas tateis.” 14° Encontro de Geógrafos da América Latina: “Reencuentro de Saberes Territoriales Latinoamericanos.” Lima, Peru. Available at: http://observatoriogeograficoamericalatina.org.mx/egal14/Ensenanzadelageografia/Metodologiaparalaensenanza/56.pdf (Accessed: 5th August 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Rowell, J. and Ungar, S. (2003) “The World of Touch: Results of an International Survey of Tactile Maps and Symbols” The Cartographic Journal 40 (3) pp.259–263 DOI: 10.1179/000870403225012961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stangl, A., Cunningham, A., Blake, L.A. and Yeh, T. (2019) “Defining Problems of Practices to Advance Inclusive Tactile Media Consumption and Production” Proceedings of the 21st International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility Pittsburgh: 28th–30th October, pp.329–341 DOI: 10.1145/3308561.3353778.
   Google Scholar
• Stangl, A. and Yeh, T. (2015) “Transcribing Across the Senses : Community Efforts to Create 3D Printable Accessible Tactile Pictures for Young Children with Visual Impairments” Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility, pp.127–137 DOI: 10.1145/2700648.2809854.
   Google Scholar
• Szaflarski, J. (1955) Zarys kartografii Warsaw: Państwowe Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych.
   Google Scholar
• Štampach, R., and Muličková, E. (2016) “Automated Generation of Tactile Maps” Journal of Maps 12 (sup1) pp.532–540 DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2016.1196622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi, N. and Chen, J. (2014) “Development of a Computer-Aided System for Automating Production of Tactile Maps and its Usability Evaluation” World Automation Congress Proceedings pp.213–218 DOI: 10.1109/WAC.2014.6935788.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, B., Dey, A., Siewiorek, D. and Smailagic, A. (2016) “Customizable 3D Printed Tactile Maps as Interactive Overlays.” Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility Reno, Nevada: ACM Press, pp.71–79 DOI: 10.1145/2982142.2982167.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, N.R. (1983) “Tactual Perception of Quantitative Point Symbols in Thematic Maps for the Blind” In Wiedel, J.W. (Eds) Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Maps and Graphics for the Visually Handicapped Washington, DC: Association of American Geographers, pp.103–112.
   Google Scholar
• Touya, G., Zhang, X. and Lokhat, I. (2019) “Is Deep Learning the New Agent for Map Generalization?” International Journal of Cartography 5 (2–3) pp.142–157 DOI: 10.1080/23729333.2019.1613071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Töpfer, F. and Pillewizer, W. (1966) “The Principles of Selection” The Cartographic Journal 3 (1) pp.10–16 DOI: 10.1179/caj.1966.3.1.10.
   Google Scholar
• Wabiński, J. and Mościcka, A. (2019) “Automatic (Tactile) Map Generation – A Systematic Literature Review” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8 (7) pp.1–25 DOI: 10.3390/ijgi8070293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wabiński, J., Mościcka, A. and Kuźma, M. (2020) “The Information Value of Tactile Maps: A Comparison of Maps Printed with the Use of Different Techniques” The Cartographic Journal pp.1–12 DOI: 10.1080/00087041.2020.1721765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wabiński, J., Śmiechowska-Petrovskij, E. and Mościcka, A. (2022) “Applying Height Differentiation of Tactile Signs to Reduce the Minimum Horizontal Distances Between Them on Tactile Maps” PLOS ONE 17 (2) DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe, T., Yamaguchi, T., Koda, S. and Minatani, K. (2014) “Tactile Map Automated Creation System Using OpenStreetMap” ICCHP 2014: Computers Helping People with Special Needs Cham: Springer, pp.42–49 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-08599-9_7.
   Google Scholar
• Wiedel, J.W. and Groves, P.A. (1969) Tactual Mapping: Design, Reading, and Interpretation (Final Report No.RD-2557-S) Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
   Google Scholar
• Więckowska, E., Chojecka, A., Mikołowicz, B., Fuksiński, C., Mendruń, J., Olczyk, M. and Rudnicka, M. (2012) Standardy tworzenia oraz adaptowania map i atlasów dla niewidomych uczniów Available at: https://tyflomapy.pl/files/33160/Standardy_tworzenia_oraz_adaptowania_map_i_atlasow_dla_niewidomych_uczniow.pdf (Accessed: 5th August 2022).
   Google Scholar
• Yanoff, M. and Duker, J.S. (2009) Ophthalmology (3rd ed.) Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.
   Google Scholar