On-Line Measurements of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Counter-Flow Ethylene Diffusion Flame

References

• Alkemade , U. , Homann , K.H. ( 1989 ) Formation of C6H isomers by recombination of propynyl in the system of sodium vapour propynylhalide , Z. Phys. Chem. , 161 ,19.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. and Arey J . ( 1994 ) Atmosheric chemistry of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: formation of atmospheric mutagens , Environmental Health Perspectives , 102 , 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , S. P. and Schumann , T. E. W. ( 1928 ) Diffusion flames , Ind. Eng. Chem. , 20 , 998 .
   Google Scholar
• Bartok , W. and Sarofim , A.F. ( 1991 ) Fossil Fuel Combustion , John Wiley & Sons, New York , p. 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Blevins , G.K. and Gore P.G. ( 1999 ) Computed structure of low strain rate partially premixed CH4/Air counterflow flames: Implications for NO formation , Combust. Flame , 116 , 546 .
   Google Scholar
• Castaldi , M.J. , Vincitore , A.M. and Senkan , S.M. ( 1995 ) Micro-structures of premixed hydrocarbon flames: methane , Combust. Sci. Tech. , 107 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagaut , P. and Cathonnet M. ( 1998 ) A comparative study of the kinetics of benzene formation from unsaturated C2 to C4 hydrocarbons , Combust. Flame , 113 , 620 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , M.C. ( 1985 ) Kinetics of Nitric Oxide Formation in Laminar And Turbulent Methane Combustion , Gas Research Institute, GRI-85/0271.
   Google Scholar
• Du , D.X. , Axelbaum , R.L. and Law , C.K. ( 1995 ) Soot formation in strained diffusion flames with gaseous additives , Combust. Flame , 102 , 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , J. and Axelbaum , R. L. ( 1995 ) The effect of flame structure on soot-particle inception in diffusion flames , Combust. Flame , 100 , 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du , D.X. , Axelbaum , R.L. and Law , C.K. ( 1988 ) Experiments on the sooting limits of aerodynami-cally-strained diffusion flames, Twenty-Second Symposium (Int.) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , PA , p. 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch , W.L. and Sauter , A.D. ( 1983 ) Electron impact total ionization cross sections for organic molecules , Anal. Chem. , 55 , 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenklach , M. and Wang , H. J. ( 1994 a) Soot Formation in Combustion-Mechanism and Models,. ,
   Google Scholar
• Frenklach , M. and Wang , H. J. ( 1994 b) Calculations of rate coefficients for the chemically activated reactions of acetylene with vinylic and aromatic radicals, Phys. Chem. , 98 , 11465 . Bockhom H. editor, Springer-Verlag, Berlin , p. 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Glassman , I. and Yaccarino , P. ( 1980 ) The effect of oxygen concentration on sooting diffusion flames , Comb. Sci. Tech , 24 , 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman , I. and Yaccarino , P. ( 1981 ) The temperature effect in sooting diffusion flames, Eighteenth Symposium (Int.) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , PA , p. 1175 .
   Google Scholar
• Gulder , O. L. ( 1995 ) Effects of oxygen on soot formation in methane, propane, and n-butane diffusion flames , Combust. Flame , 101 , 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hottel , H. C. and Hawtorn , W. R. ( 1949 ) Diffusion in laminar flame jets, Third Symposium on Combustion , Baltimore , Williams and Wilkins, 254.
   Google Scholar
• Kazakov . A. , Wand , H. and Frenklach , M. ( 1995 ) Detailed modeling of soot formation in laminar premixed ethylene flames at a pressure of 10 bar , Combust. Flame , 100 , 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law , C. K. , Zhu , D. L. and Yu , G. ( 1986 ) Propagation and extinction of stretched premixed flames, Twenty-First Symposium (Int.) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , PA , p. 1419 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , K ( 1999 ) Master Thesis , Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles .
   Google Scholar
• Lutz , A. E. , Kee , R. J. , Grcar , J. F. and Rupley , F. M. ( 1997 ) Oppdif: A Fortran Program for Computing Opposed Flow Diffusion Flames , Sandia National Laboratories, Report No. 8243.
   Google Scholar
• Marinov , N. , Pitz , W. J. , Westbrook , C. K. , Lutz , A. , Vincitore , A. M. and Senkan , S. M. , ( 1998 ) Chemical kinetic modeling of a methane opposed flow diffusion flame and comparison to experiments, Twenty-Seventh Symposium (Int.) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , PA , p. 605 .
   Google Scholar
• Marinov , N. M. , Pitz , W. J. , Westbrook , C. K. , Castaldi , M. J. and Senkan , S. M. ( 1996 ) Modeling of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in premixed methane and ethane flames , Combust. Sci. Tech. , 116 , 11 .
   Google Scholar
• McEnalli , S.C. and Pfefferle , L.D. ( 1999 ) Comparison of non-fuel hydrocarbon concentrations measured in coflowing nonpremixed flames fueled with small hydrocarbons , Combust. Flame, 117 : 362 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• McKinnon , J.T. and Howard B.J. ( 1990 ) Applications of soot formation model: Effects of chlorine , Comb. Sci. Tech. , 74 , 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melius C . F. , Colvin , E. M. , Marinov , N. M. , Pitz , W. J. and Senkan , S.M. ( 1996 ) Reaction mechanisms in aromatic hydrocarbon formation involving the C5H cyclopentadienyl moiety, Twenty-sixth symposium (Int.) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , PA . p. 685 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J.A. and Melius , C.F. ( 1992 ) Kinetic and thermodynamic issues in the formation of aromatic compounds in flames of aliphatic fuels , Combust. Flame , 91 , 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison , R.T. , and Boyd , R.N. ( 1992 ) Organic Chemistry (6th ed) , Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Olten , N. and Senkan , S. M. ( 1999 ) Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an atmospheric pressure ethylene diffusion flame , Combust. Flame , in press.
   Google Scholar
• Pope , C.J. , Marr , J.A. and Howard , J.B. ( 1993 ) Chemistry of fullerenes C60 and C70formation in flames , J. Phys. Chem. , 97 , 11001 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramdahl , T. and Bjorseth , J. ( 1985 ) Handbook of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , (2nd ed) Narcel Dekker Inc., NY , p. 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Seshadri , K. and Puri , I. ( 1986 ) Extinction of diffusion flames burning diluted methane and diluted propane in diluted air , Combust. Flame , 65 , 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Schug , K.P. , Manheimer , Y. , Yaccarino , P. and Glassman , I. ( 1980 ) Sooting behavior of gaseous hydrocarbon diffusion flames and the influence of additives , Comb. Set. Tech. , 22 ,235.
   Google Scholar
• Sun , C.J , Sung , C.J , Wang , H. and Law , C.K. ( 1996 ) In the structure of non-sooting counterflow ethylene and acetylene diffusion flames , Combust. Flame , 107 ,321.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuji , H. ( 1982 ) Counterflow diffusion flames , Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 8 ,93.
   Google Scholar
• Vincitore , A.M. and Senkan , S.M. ( 1997 ) Experimental studies of the micro-structures of opposed flow diffusion flames: Methane , Comb. Sci. and Tech. , 130 , 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincitore , A.M. and Senkan , S.M. ( 1998 ) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in opposed flow diffusion flames of ethane , Combust. Flame , 114 , 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , H. , Du , D. X , Sung , C. J. and Law , C. K. ( 1996 ) Experiments and numerical simulation on soot formation in opposed-jet ethylene diffusion flames, TWenty-Sixth Symposium (Int.) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburg , PA , 359.
   Google Scholar
• White , C.M ( 1986 ) Prediction of the boiling point, heat of vaporization, and vapor pressure at various temperatures for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , J. Chem. Eng. Data , 31 , 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• * Corresponding Author: Tel: 310-206-4106, Fax: 310-267-0177
   Google Scholar