Impact of Bed Particle Size Distribution on the Distribution of Heavy Metal During Defluidization Process in Fluidized Bed Incinerator

REFERENCES

• Arena , U. , Zaccariello , L. , and Mastellone , M.L. 2010 . Gasification of natural and waste biomass in a pilot scale fluidized bed reactor . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 182 , 625 – 639 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atakül , H. , Hilmioğlu , B. , and Ekinci , E. 2005 . The relationship between the tendency of lignites to agglomerate and their fusion characteristics in a fluidized bed combustor . Fuel Process. Technol. , 86 , 1369 – 1383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J.C. , Wey , M.Y. , and Wu , H.Y. 2007 . Emission characteristics of chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and dioxins during waste incineration with different additives . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 179 , 1039 – 1058 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , J.C. , Wey , M.Y. , and Yan , M.H. 1997 . Theoretical and experimental study of metal capture during incineration process . J. Environ. Eng. , 123 , 1100 – 1106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirone , R. , D'Amore , M. , Massimilla , L. , and Mazza , A. 1985 . Char attrition during the batch fluidized bed combustion of coal . AIChE J. , 31 , 812 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conn , R.E. 1995 . Laboratory techniques for evaluating ash agglomeration potential in petroleum coke fired circulating fluidized bed combustors . Fuel Process. Technol. , 44 , 95 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier , D.J. , Whitworth , W.E. , Lee , J.W. , and Waterland , L.R. 1991. The fate of trace metals in a rotary kiln incinerator with a venturi/packed column scrubber, EPA/600/S2–90/043 Feb, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , D. , Zerguerras , S. , and Flamant , G. 1999 . Influence of the particle size distribution of powders on the velocities of minimum and complete fluidization . Chem. Eng. J. , 74 , 181 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstle , R.W. , and Albrinck , D.N. 1982 . Atmospheric emissions of metals from sewage sludge incineration . Journal of Air Pollution Control Association , 32 , 1113 – 1123 .
   Google Scholar
• Ghaly , A.E. , Ergüdenler , A. , and Laufer , E. 1993 . Agglomeration characteristics of alumina sand-straw ash mixtures at elevated temperatures . Biomass Bioenergy , 5 , 467 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiraoka , M. , and Takeda , N. 1980 . Behavior of hazardous substances in stabilization and solidification processes of industrial wastes . In R.B. Pojasek (Ed.) Toxic and Hazardous Waste Disposal , vol. 3 , Ann Arbor Science , Ann Arbor , MI , pp. 107 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Langston , B.G. , and Stephens , F.M. 1960 . Self agglomerating fluidized bed reduction . J. Metals , 12 , 312 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , C.L. , Chang , S.H. , and Peng , T.H. 2010b . Investigation on the emission of heavy metals in fluidized bed incineration during agglomeration/defluidization process . Energy Fuels , 24 , 2910 – 2917 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.L. , Kuo , J.H. , Wey , M.Y. , Chang , S.H. , and Wang , K.S. 2009 . Inhibition and promotion: The effect of earth alkali metals and operating temperature on particle agglomeration/defluidization during incineration in fluidized bed . Powder Technol. , 189 , 57 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.L. , Tsai , M.C. , and Chang , C.H. 2010a . The effects of agglomeration/defluidization on emission of heavy metals for various fluidized parameters in fluidized-bed incineration . Fuel Process. Technol. , 91 , 52 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.L. , and Wey , M.Y. 2003 . Effects of high temperature and combustion on fluidized materials attrition in fluidized bed . Korean J. Chem. Eng. , 20 , 1123 – 1130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.L. , and Wey , M.Y. 2004 . The effect of mineral compositions of waste and operating conditions on particle agglomeration/defluidization during incineration . Fuel , 83 , 2335 – 5343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C.L. , Wey , M.Y. , and You , S.D. 2002 . The effect of particle size distribution on minimum fluidization velocity at high temperature . Powder Technol. , 126 , 297 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , W. , Johansen , K.D. , and Frandsen , F. 2003 . Agglomeration in bio-fuel fired fluidized bed combustors . Chem. Eng. J. , 96 , 171 – 185 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikami , T. , Kamiya , H. , and Horio , M. 1996 . The mechanism of defluidization of iron particles in a fluidized bed . Powder Technol. , 89 , 231 – 238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley , J.L. , and O'Brien , T.J. 1993 . A model for agglomeration in a fluidized bed . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 48 , 3043 – 3050 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pell , M. 1990 . Gas fluidization . In J.C. Williams and T. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of Powder Technology , vol. 8 , Elsevier , Amsterdam , pp. 9 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , Y.C. , Jiang , T.S. , and Wen , C.Y. 1987 . Particle attrition phenomena in a fluidized bed . Powder Technol. , 49 , 193 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reimann , D.O. 1989 . Heavy metals in domestic refuse and their distribution in incineration residues . Waste Manage. Res. , 7 , 57 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamlou , P.A. , Liu , Z. , and Yates , J.G. 1990 . Hydrodynamic influences on particle breakage in fluidized beds . Chem. Eng. Sci. , 45 , 809 – 817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrifvars , B.J. , Hupa , M. , Backman , R. , and Hiltunen , M. 1994 . Sintering mechanisms of FBC ashes . Fuel , 73 , 171 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrifvars , B.J. , Hupa , M. , and Hiltunen , M. 1992 . Sintering of ash during fluidized bed combustion . Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 31 , 1026 – 1030 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasa Rao , K.V.N. , and Venkat Reddy , G. 2007 . Effect of distributor design on temperature profiles in fluidized bed during the combustion of rice husk . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 179 , 1589 – 1603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenari , B.M. , Lindqvist , O. , and Langer , V. 1998. Ash sintering and deposit formation in PFBC. Fuel , 77, 407–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tardos , G. , and Pfeffer , R. 1995 . Chemical reaction induced agglomeration and defluidization of fluidized beds . Powder Technol. , 85 , 29 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaux , W.G. , and Fellers , A.W. 1981 . Measurement of attrition tendency in fluidization . AIChE Symp. Ser. , 77 , 107 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , K.S. , Chiang , K.Y. , Lin , S.M. , Tsai , C.C. , and Sun , C.J. 1999 . Effects of chlorides on emissions of toxic compounds in waste incineration: Study on partitioning characteristics of heavy metal . Chemosphere , 38 , 1833 – 1849 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wank , J.R. , George , S.M. , and Weimer , A.W. 2001 . Vibro-fluidization of fine boron nitride powder at low pressure . Powder Technol. , 121 , 195 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wey , M.Y. , Huang , J.H. , and Chen , J.C. 1996 . The behavior of heavy metal Cr, Pb and Cd during waste incineration in fluidized bed under various chlorine additives . J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. , 29 , 743 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar