REFERENCES
- Anselmo-Filho , P. , Hochgreb , S. , Barlow , R.S. , and Cant , R.S. 2009 . Experimental measurements of geometric properties of turbulent stratified flames . Proc. Combust. Inst., 32 , 1763 – 1770 .
- Bilger , R.W. 1988 . The structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames . Proc. Combust. Inst., 22 , 475 – 488 .
- Bradley , D. 2002 . Problems of predicting turbulent burning rates . Combust. Theor. Model., 6 , 361 – 382 .
- Bray , K.N.C. , and Cant , R.S. 1991 . Some applications of Kolmogorov's turbulence research in the field of combustion . Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 434 , 217 – 240 .
- Bray , K.N.C. , Domingo , P. , and Vervisch , L. 2005 . Role of the progress variable in models for partially premixed turbulent combustion . Combust. Flame, 141 , 431 – 437 .
- Candel , S.M. , and Poinsot , T.J. 1990 . Flame stretch and the balance equation for flame surface area . Combust. Sci. Technol., 70 ( 1–3 ), 1 – 15 .
- Cant , R.S. 2011 . RANS and LES modelling of premixed turbulent combustion . In Turbulent Combustion Modeling/ ((Eds.) T. Echekki , and E. Mastorakos ). Springer-Verlag , Heidelberg .
- Chakraborty , N. , and Cant , R.S. 2005 . Effects of strain rate and curvature on surface density function transport in turbulent premixed flames in the thin reaction zones regime . Phys. Fluids, 17 , 065108 .
- Chakraborty , N. , Klein , M. , and Swaminathan , N. 2009 . Effects of Lewis number on the reactive scalar gradient alignment with local strain rate in turbulent premixed flames . Proc. Combust. Inst., 32 , 1409 – 1417 .
- Chakraborty , N. , Rogerson , J.W. , and Swaminathan , N. 2010 . The scalar gradient alignment statistics of flame kernels and its modelling implications for turbulent premixed combustion . Flow Turbul. Combust., 85 , 25 – 55 .
- Chakraborty , N. , and Swaminathan , N. 2007a . Influence of the Damköhler number on turbulence-scalar interaction in premixed flames. I. Physical insight . Phys. Fluids, 19 , 045103 .
- Chakraborty , N. , and Swaminathan , N. 2007b . Influence of the Damköhler number on turbulence-scalar interaction in premixed flames. II. Model development . Phys. Fluids, 19 , 045104 .
- Chen , J.H. , and Im , H.G. 1998 . Correlation of flame speed with stretch in turbulent premixed methane/air flames . Proc. Combust. Inst., 27 , 819 – 826 .
- Chen , J.H. , and Im , H.G. 2000 . Stretch effects on the burning velocity of turbulent premixed hydrogen/air flames . Proc. Combust. Inst., 28 , 211 – 218 .
- Cheng , T.S. , Wehrmeyer , J.A. , and Pitz , R.W. 1992 . Simultaneous temperature and multispecies measurement in a lifted hydrogen diffusion flame . Combust. Flame, 91 , 323 – 345 .
- Cheng , T.S. , Wehrmeyer , J.A. , and Pitz , R.W. 2007 . Conditional analysis of lifted hydrogen jet diffusion flame experimental data and comparison to laminar flame solutions . Combust. Flame, 150 , 340 – 354 .
- Dold , J. W. 1989 . Flame propagation in a nonuniform mixture: Analysis of a slowly varying triple flame . Combust. Flame, 76 , 71 – 88 .
- Domingo , P. , Vervisch , L. , and Bray , K.N.C. 2002. Partially premixed flamelets in LES of non-premixed turbulent combustion. Combust. Theor. Model., 6, 529–551.
- Echekki , T. , and Chen , J.H. 1996 . Unsteady strain rate and curvature effects in turbulent premixed methane-air flames . Combust. Flame, 106 , 184 – 202 .
- Gonzalez , M. , and Paranthoën , P. 2011 . Effect of variable mass density on the kinematics of scalar gradient . Phy. Fluids, 23 , 075107 .
- Gran , I.R. , Echekki , T. , and Chen , J.H. 1996 . Negative flame speed in an unsteady 2-D premixed flame: A computational study . Proc. Combust. Inst., 26 , 323 – 329 .
- Hartung , G. , Hult , J. , Kaminski , C.F. , Rogerson , J.W. , and Swaminathan , N. 2008 . Effect of heat release on turbulence and scalar-turbulence interaction in premixed combustion . Phys. Fluids, 20 , 035110 .
- Hawkes , E.R. , and Chen , J.H. 2005 . Evaluation of models for flame stretch due to curvature in the thin reaction zones regime . Proc. Combust. Inst., 30 , 647 – 655 .
- Helié , J. , and Trouvé , A. 1998 . Turbulent flame propagation in partially premixed combustion . Proc. Combust. Inst., 27 , 891 – 898 .
- Kerstein , A.R. 1988 . Simple derivation of Yakhot's turbulent premixed flamespeed formula . Combust. Sci. Technol., 60 , 163 – 165 .
- Kim , S.H. , and Pitsch , H. 2007 . Scalar gradient and small-scale structure in turbulent premixed combustion. Phys. Fluids, 19 , 115104 , 1 – 14 .
- Kioni , P.N. , Rogg , B. , Bray , K.N.C. , and Linán , A. 1993 . Flame spread in laminar mixing layers: The triple flame . Combust. Flame, 95 , 277 – 290 .
- Kollmann , W. , and Chen , J.H. 1994 . Dynamics of the flame surface area in turbulent non-premixed combustion . Proc. Combust. Inst., 25 , 1091 – 1098 .
- Kollmann , W. , and Chen , J.H. 1998 . Pocket formation and the flame surface density equation . Proc. Combust. Inst., 27 , 927 – 934 .
- Kostiuk , L.W. , and Bray , K.N.C. 1993 . Mean effects of stretch on laminar flamelets in a premixed turbulent flame . Combust. Sci. Technol., 95 , 193 – 212 .
- Law , C.K. 2006 . Combustion Physics. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge, UK .
- Luo , Z. , Yoo , C.S. , Richardson , E.S. , Chen , J.H. , Law , C.K. , and Lu , T. 2012 . Chemical explosive mode analysis for a turbulent lifted ethylene jet flame in highly-heated coflow . Combust. Flame, 159 , 265 – 274 .
- Malkeson , S.P. , and Chakraborty , N. 2010 . Statistical analysis of displacement speed in turbulent stratified flames: A direct numerical simulation study. Combust. Sci. Technol., 182 ( 11–12 ), 1841 – 1883 .
- Malkeson , S.P. , and Chakraborty , N. 2011 . Alignment statistics of active and passive scalar gradients in turbulent stratified flames . Phys. Rev. E, 83 , 046308 .
- Mizobuchi , Y. , Shinjo , J. , Ogawa , S. , and Takeno , T. 2005 . A numerical study on the formation of diffusion flame islands in a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame . Proc. Combust. Inst., 30 , 611 – 619 .
- Mizobuchi , Y. , Tachibana , S. , Shinio , J. , Ogawa , S. , and Takeno , T. 2002 . A numerical analysis of the structure of a turbulent hydrogen jet lifted flame . Proc. Combust. Inst., 29 , 2009 – 2015 .
- Mura , A. , Robin , V. , Champion , M. , and Hasegawa , T. 2009 . Small scale features of velocity and scalar fields in turbulent premixed flames . Flow Turbulence Combust., 82 , 339 – 358 .
- Mura , A. , Tsuboi , K. , and Hasegawa , T. 2008 . Modelling of the correlation between velocity and reactive scalar gradients in turbulent premixed flames based on DNS data . Combust. Theor. Model., 12 , 671 .
- Nye , D.A. , Lee , J.G. , Lee , T. -W, and Santavicca , D.A. 1996 . Flame stretch measurements during the interaction of premixed flames and Kármán vortex streets using PIV . Combust. Flame, 105 , 167 – 179 .
- Peters , N. 1999. The turbulent burning velocity for large-scale and small-scale turbulence. J. Fluid Mech., 384, 107–132.
- Plessing , T. , Terhoeven , P. , Peters , N. , and Mansour , M.S. 1998 . An experimental and numerical study of a laminar triple flame . Combust. Flame, 115 , 335 – 353 .
- Pope , S.B. 1988 . The evolution of surfaces in turbulence . Int. J. Engng. Sci., 5 , 445 – 469 .
- Pope , S.B. 1990 . Computations of turbulent combustion: Progress and challenges . Proc. Combust. Inst., 23 , 591 – 612 .
- Renou , B. , Boukhalfa , A. , Puechberty , D. , and Trinité , M. 1998 . Effects of stretch on the local structure of freely propagating premixed low-turbulent flames with various Lewis numbers . Proc. Combust. Inst., 27 , 841 – 847 .
- Richardson , E.S. , Sankaran , R. , Grout , R.W. , and Chen , J.H. 2010 . Numerical analysis of reaction-diffusion effects on species mixing rates in turbulent premixed methane-air combustion . Combust. Flame, 157 , 506 – 515 .
- Ruan , S. , Swaminathan , N. , Bray , K.N.C. , Mizobuchi , Y. , and Takeno , T. 2012 . Scalar and its dissipation in the near field of turbulent lifted jet flame . Combust. Flame, 159 , 591 – 608 .
- Ruetsch , G.R. , Vervisch , L. , and Linán , A. 1995 . Effects of heat release on triple flames . Phys. Fluids, 7 ( 6 ), 1447 – 1454 .
- Rutland , C.J. , and Trouvé , A. 1993 . Direct simulations of premixed turbulent flames with nonunity Lewis numbers . Combust. Flame, 94 , 41 – 57 .
- Smooke , M.D. , and Givangoli , V. 1991 . Formulation of the premixed and nonpremixed test problems . In Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms and Asymptotic Approximations for Methane-air Flames&sol ; ((Ed.) M. D. Smooke ), Lecture Notes in Physics/ , vol. 384 . Springer-Verlag , Berlin .
- Steinberg , A.M. , Driscoll , J.F. , and Swaminathan , N. 2012 . Statistics and dynamics of turbulence-flame alignment in premixed combustion . Combust. Flame, 159 , 2576 – 2588 .
- Swaminathan , N. , and Grout , R.W. 2006 . Interaction of turbulence and scalar fields in premixed flames . Phys. Fluids, 18 ( 4 ), 045102 .
- Trouvé , A. , and Poinsot , T.J. 1994 . The evolution equation for the flame surface density in turbulent premixed combustion . J. Fluid Mech., 278 , 1 – 31 .
- Vervisch , L. , Bidaux , E. , Bray , K.N.C. and Kollmann , W. 1995 . Surface density function in premixed turbulent combustion modeling, similarities between probability density function and flame surface approaches . Phys. Fluids, 7 ( 10 ), 2496 – 2503 .
- Veynante , D. , and Vervisch , L. 2002 . Turbulent combustion modelling . Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 28 , 193 – 266 .
- Westbrook , C.K. 1982 . Hydrogen oxidation kinetics in gaseous detonations . Combust. Sci. Technol., 29 , 67 – 82 .
- Yamashita , H. , Shimada , M. , and Takeno , T. 1996 . A numerical study on flame stability at the transition point of jet diffusion flames . Proc. Combust. Inst., 26 , 27 – 34 .
- Yoo , C.S. , Sankaran , R. , and Chen , J.H. 2009 . Three-dimensional direct numerical simulation of a turbulent lifted hydrogen jet flame in heated coflow: Flame stabilization and structure . J. Fluid Mech., 640 , 453 – 481 .