Smoldering Combustion as a Treatment Technology for Feces: Sensitivity to Key Parameters

References

• Carvalho, E.R., Gurgel Veras, C.A., and Carvalhojr, J.A. 2002. Experimental investigation of smouldering in biomass. Biomass Bioenergy, 22, 283–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, Y.M., Kang, J.S., and Ho, C.C. 1992. Circulating fluidized bed incineration of industrial solid wastes. Waste Manage. Res., 10, 357–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, Y.-L., Kortschot, M.T., Gerhard, J.I., Torero, J.L., Saini, R., Fernandes, A.X., Fishman, Z., Bartczak, T., Liao, D., Fabris, I., Cormier, D., Carrascal, J., and Yermán, L. 2015. A household sanitation process based on integrated diversion/dewatering, drying/smoldering of solid waste, and pasteurization of liquid waste. Presented at the Third International Fecal Sludge Management Conference, Hanoi, Vietnam, January 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, Z., Jung, Y.M.T., Pironi, P., Krajcovic, M., Melamed, S., Webb, M., Torero, J.L., Gerhard, J.I., Diosady, L.L., Lawryshyn, Y., Edwards, E., Kortshot, M.T., and Cheng, Y.-L. 2012. A unit operations approach for rapid disinfection of human waste based on drying/smoldering of solid and sand filtration/UV disinfection of liquid waste. Presented at the International Faecal Sludge Management Conference, Durban, South Africa, October 29–31.
   Google Scholar
• Frandsen, W.H. 1997. Ignition probability of organic soils. Can. J. For. Res., 27, 1471–1477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, F., Yi, W., Li, Y., Zha, J., and Luo, B. 2014. Effects of fuel properties on the natural downward smoldering of piled biomass powder: Experimental investigation. Biomass Bioenergy, 67, 288–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katukiza, A.Y., Ronteltap, M., Niwagaba, C.B., Foppen, J.W.A., Kansiime, F., and Lens, P.N.L. 2012. Sustainable sanitation technology options for urban slums. Biotechnol. Adv., 30, 964–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, G. 2002. Dioxin characterisation, formation and minimisation during municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration: review. Chem. Eng. J., 86, 343–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, L. 2012. U of T engineers win third place in Gates Foundation toilet challenge. Available at: http://www.environment.utoronto.ca/News/GateFoundationToiletChallenge.aspx, accessed March 18, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Ohlemiller, T.J. 2008. Smouldering combustion. In P.J. Dinenno, D. Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, and W.D. Walton (Eds.), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Pathak, B. 1999. Sanitation is the key to healthy cities—A profile of Sulabh international. Environ. Urban., 11, 221–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G., and Torero, J.L. 2011. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion for NAPL remediation: Laboratory evaluation of process sensitivity to key parameters. Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 2980–2986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pironi, P., Switzer, C., Rein, G., Fuentes, A., Gerhard, J.I., and Torero, J.L. 2009. Small-scale forward smouldering experiments for remediation of coal tar in inert media. Proc. Combust. Inst., 32, 1957–1964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, M.M. 2001. Bastee eviction and housing rights: A case of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Habitat Int., 25, 49–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein, G. 2009. Smouldering combustion phenomena in science and technology. Int. Rev. Chem. Eng., 1, 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Rein, G., Cleaver, N., Ashton, C., Pironi, P., and Torero, J.L. 2008. The severity of smouldering peat fires and damage to the forest soil. CATENA, 74, 304–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Switzer, C., Pironi, P., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G., and Torero, J.L. 2009. Self-sustaining smoldering combustion: A novel remediation process for non-aqueous-phase liquids in porous media. Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 5871–5877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Switzer, C., Pironi, P., Gerhard, J.I., Rein, G., and Torero, J.L. 2014. Volumetric scale-up of smouldering remediation of contaminated materials. J. Hazard. Mater., 268, 51–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torero, J.L., Fernandez-Pello, A.C., and Kitano, M. 1993. Opposed forced flow smoldering of polyurethane foam. Combust. Sci. Technol., 91, 95–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.N. 2014. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2014. United Nations, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Vantelon, J.P., Lodeho, B., Pignoux, S., Ellzey, J.L., and Torero, J.L. 2005. Experimental observations on the thermal degradation of a porous bed of tires. Proc. Combust. Inst., 30, 2239–2246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO and UNICEF. 2012. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: The Urban and Rural Challenge of the Decade, WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Wignarajah, K., Litwill, E., Fisher, J.W., and Hogan, J. 2006. Simulated human feces for testing human waste processing technologies in space systems. SAE Technical Paper Series.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav, K.D., Tare, V., and Ahammed, M.M. 2010. Vermicomposting of source-separated human faeces for nutrient recycling. Waste Manage., 30, 50–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yermán, L., Carrascal, J., Torero, J.L., Fabris, I., Cormier, D., and Gerhard, J.I. 2014. Smouldering combustion as a treatment for human waste. Presented at the 5th International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, November 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Yermán, L., Hadden, R.M., Pironi, P., Torero, J.L., Gerhard, J.I., Carrascal, J., Krajcovic, M., Fabris, I., Cormier, D., and Cheng, Y.-L. 2015. Smouldering combustion as a treatment technology for faeces: Exploring the parameter space. Fuel, 147, 108–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar