Probing the equivalence ratio in partially premixed flames by combining optical techniques and modeling results

References

• Bak, M.S., Im, S., Mungal, M.G., and Cappelli, M.A. 2013. Studies on the stability limit extension of premixed and jet diffusion flames of methane, ethane, and propane using nanosecond repetitive pulsed discharge plasmas. Combust. Flame, 160, 2396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballester, J., and Garcia-Armingol, T. 2010. Diagnostic techniques for the monitoring and control of practical flames. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 36 (4), 375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhm, H., Braun-Unkhoff, M., and Frank, P. 2003. Investigations on initial soot formation at high pressures. Progr. Comp. Fluid Dynam., 3, 145.
   Google Scholar
• Cignoli, F., De Iuliis, S., Manta, V., and Zizak, G. 2001. Two-dimensional two-wavelength emission technique for soot diagnostics. Appl. Opt., 40 (30), 5370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Anna, A., Sirignano, M., and Kent, J. 2010. A model of particle nucleation in premixed ethylene flames. Combust. Flame, 157 (11), 2106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Anna, A., and Violi, A. 1998. A kinetic model for the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons in premixed laminar flames. Proc. Comb. Inst., 27 (1), 425.
   Google Scholar
• Dasch, C.J. 1992. One-dimensional tomography: a comparison of Abel, onion peeling, and filtered backprojection methods. Appl. Opt., 31, 1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Iuliis, S., Migliorini, F., Cignoli, F., and Zizak, G. 2006. Peak soot temperature in laser-induced incandescence measurements. Appl. Phys. B, 83 (3), 397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Iuliis, S., Migliorini, F., Cignoli, F., and Zizak, G. 2007. 2D soot volume fraction imaging in an ethylene diffusion flame by two-color laser-induced incandescence (2C-LII) technique and comparison with results from other optical diagnostics. Proc. Combust. Inst., 31 (1), 869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardalupas, Y., and Orain, M. 2004. Local measurements of the time-dependent heat release rate and equivalence ratio using chemiluminescence emission from a flame. Combust. Flame, 139 (3), 188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda, Y., Kojima, J., and Hashimoto, H. 2002. Local chemiluminescence spectra measurements in a high-pressure laminar methane/air premixed flame. Proc. Combust. Inst., 29 (2), 1495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee, R.J., Rupley, F.M., Miller, J.A., Coltrin, M.E., Grcar, J.F. 1999. CHEMKIN Collection, Release 3.5, Reaction Design, Inc., San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Kiefer, J., Johannes, W.T., Zhongshan, L., Seeger, T., Alden, M., and Leipertz, A. 2012. Laser-induced breakdown flame thermometry. Combust. Flame, 159 (12), 3576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiefer, J., Troger, J.W., Li, Z.S., and Alden, M. 2011. Laser-induced plasma in methane and dimethyl ether for flame ignition and combustion diagnostics. Appl. Phys. B, 103, 229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima, J., Ikeda, Y., and Nakajima, T. 2000. Spatially resolved measurements of OH*, CH*, and C2* chemiluminescence in the reaction zone of laminar methane/air premixed flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 28, 1757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotzagianni, M., Yuan, R., Mastorakos, E., and Couris, S. 2016. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy measurements of mean mixture fraction in turbulent methane flames with a novel calibration scheme. Combust. Flame, 167, 72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer, M., and Sattelmayer, T. 2008. Heat release calculation in a turbulent swirl flame from laser and chemiluminescence measurements. 14th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, July.
   Google Scholar
• Majd, A.E., Arabanian, A.S., Massudi, R., and Nazeri, M. 2011. Spatially resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in methane-air diffusion flames. Appl. Spectr., 65 (1), 36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marinov, N.M., Pitz, W.J., Westbrook, C.K., Castaldi, M.J., and Senkan, S.M. 1996. Modeling of aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in premixed methane and ethane flames. Combust. Sci. Technol., 116–117 (1–6), 211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEnally, C.S., and Pfefferle, L.D. 1999. Experimental study of nonfuel hydrocarbon concentrations in coflowing partially premixed methane/air flames. Combust. Flame, 118 (4), 619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merotto, L., Dondè, R., and De Iuliis, S. 2015. LIBS and chemiluminescence measurements for fuel/oxidizer mixing monitoring. XXVIII Meeting of the Italian Section of the Combustion Institute, Lecce, Italy, September 20–23. ISBN: 978-88-88104-25-6.
   Google Scholar
• Merotto, L., Sirignano, M., Commodo, M., D’Anna, A., Dondè, R., and De Iuliis, S. 2017. Experimental characterization and modeling for equivalence ratio sensing in non-premixed flames using chemiluminescence and LIBS technique. Energy Fuels, 31, 3227–3233. DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliorini, F., Maffi, S., De Iuliis, S., and Zizak, G. 2014. Analysis of chemiluminescence measurements by grey-scale ICCD and colour digital cameras. Meas. Sci. Technol., 25, 55202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J.A., and Melius, C.F. 1992. Kinetic and thermodynamic issues in the formation of aromatic compounds in flames of aliphatic fuels. Combust. Flame, 91 (1), 21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nori, V., and Seitzman, J. 2007. Chemiluminescence measurements and modeling in syngas, methane and jet-A fueled combustors. 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January.
   Google Scholar
• Nori, V., and Seitzman, J. 2008. Evaluation of chemiluminescence as a combustion diagnostic under varying operating conditions. AIAA Paper 953.
   Google Scholar
• Panoutsos, C.S., Hardalupas, Y., and Taylor, A.M.K.P. 2009. Numerical evaluation of equivalence ratio measurement using OH* and CH* chemiluminescence in premixed and non-premixed methane – air flames. Combust. Flame, 156 (2), 273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phuoc, T.X., and White, F.P. 2002. Laser-induced spark for measurements of the fuel-to-air ratio of a combustible mixture. Fuel, 81, 1761.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roby, R.J., Reaney, J.E., and Johnsson, E.L. 1998. Detection of Temperature and Equivalence Ratio in Turbulent Premixed Flames Using Chemiluminescence, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, US.
   Google Scholar
• Sirignano, M., and D’Anna, A. 2015. Further experimental and modelling evidences of soot fragmentation in flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 35, 1779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirignano, M., Kent, J., and D’Anna, A. 2010. Detailed modeling of size distribution functions and hydrogen content in combustion-formed particles. Combust. Flame, 157 (6), 1211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirignano, M., Kent, J., and D’Anna, A. 2013. Modeling formation and oxidation of soot in nonpremixed flames. Energ. Fuel, 27 (4), 2303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, K.C., Miller, J.H., Dorfman, R.C., Mallard, W.G., and Santoro, R.J. 1985. Soot inception in a methane/air diffusion flame as characterized by detailed species profiles. Combust. Flame, 62 (2), 157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, P., Michalakou, A., Skevis, G., and Couris, S. 2005a. Global and local equivalence ratio measurements in laminar premixed hydrocarbon-air flames using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 3-6 April 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, P., Michalakou, A., Skevis, G., and Couris, S. 2005b. Quantitative local equivalence ratio determination in laminar premixed methane-air flames by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Chem. Phys. Lett., 404, 309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stavropoulos, P., Michalakou, A., Skevis, G., and Couris, S. 2005c. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy as an analytical tool for equivalence ratio measurement in methane–air premixed flames. Spectrochim. Acta B, 60 (7), 1092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinaut, F.V., Reyes, M., Giménez, B., and Pastor, J.V. 2010. Measurements of OH* and CH* chemiluminescence in premixed flames in a constant volume combustion bomb under autoignition conditions. Energy Fuels, 25 (1), 119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, M.M., Srinivasan, K.K., Krishnan, S.R., Yueh, F.Y., and Singh, J.P. 2013. A comparison of multivariate LIBS and chemiluminescence-based local equivalence ratio measurements in premixed atmospheric methane–air flames. Fuel, 106, 318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhengjie, S., Hardalupas, Y., and Taylor, A.M.K.P. 2016. Local equivalence ratio measurement in opposed jet flames of premixed and non-premixed methane-air using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. 18th Int. Symposium on the Application of Laser and Imaging Techniques to Fluid Mechanics, Lisbon, Portugal, July 4–7.
   Google Scholar