Explosion behaviors of ammonia–air mixtures

References

• Daou, J., and Rogg, B. 1996. Influence of gravity on the propagation of instability spherical flames. Symp. Combust., 26, 1275–1281.
   Google Scholar
• Fluixa, F.V.T., Olavarria, B.G., Hoyos, D.I., and Lawes, M. 2012. Experimental determination of the burning velocity of mixtures of n-heptane and toluene in engine-like conditions. Flow Turbul. Combust., 89, 183–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frigo, S., and Gentili, R. 2013. Analysis of the behavior of a 4-stroke SI engine fuelled with ammonia and hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy., 38, 1607–1615.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa, A., Goto, T., Mimoto, R., Arakawa, Y., Kudo, T., and Kobayashi, H. 2015. Laminar burning velocity and Markstein length of ammonia/air premixed flames at various pressures. Fuel., 159, 98–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W.K., Mogi, T., Kuwana, K., and Dobashi, R. 2015. Self-similar propagation of expanding spherical flames in large scale gas explosions. Proc. Combust. Inst., 35, 2051–2058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konnov, A.A. 2009. Implementation of the NCN pathway of prompt-NO formation in the detailed reaction mechanism. Combust. Flame., 156, 2093–2105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, O.C., Rozenchan, G., and Law, C.K. 2002. Cellular instabilities and self-acceleration of outwardly propagating spherical flames. Proc. Combust. Inst., 29, 1775–1783.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapalme, D., Lemaire, R., and Seers, P. 2017. Assessment of the method for calculating the Lewis number of H2/CO/CH4 mixtures and comparison with experimental results. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy., 42, 8314–8328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, C.K., Jomaas, G., and Bechtold, J.K. 2005. Cellular instabilities of expanding hydrogen/propane spherical flames at elevated pressures: theory and experiment. Proc. Combust. Inst., 30, 159–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Li, G., Sun, Z., Yu, Y., Zhai, Y., and Zhou, Z. 2014. Experimental investigation on laminar burning velocities and flame intrinsic instabilities of lean and stoichiometric H2/CO/air mixtures at reduced, normal and elevated pressures. Fuel., 135, 279–291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Huang, H., Kobayashi, N., Wang, C., and Yuan, H. 2017a. Numerical study on laminar burning velocity and ignition delay time of ammonia flame with hydrogen addition. Energy., 126, 796–809.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstedt, R.P., Lockwood, F.C., and Selim, M.A. 1994. Detailed kinetic modelling of chemistry and temperature effects on ammonia oxidation. Combust. Sci. Technol., 99, 253–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitu, M., Giurcan, V., Razus, D., Prodan, M., and Oancea, D. 2017. Propagation indices of methane-air explosions in closed vessels. J. Loss Prev. Process. Ind., 47, 110–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movileanu, C., Gosa, V., and Razus, D. 2012. Explosion of gaseous ethylene-air mixtures in closed cylindrical vessels with central ignition. J. Hazard. Mater., 235–236, 108–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfahl, U.J., Ross, M.C., Shepherd, J.E., Pasamehmetoglu, K.O., and Unal, C. 2000. Flammability limits, ignition energy, and flame speeds in H2–CH4–NH3–N2O–O2–N2 mixtures. Combust. Flame., 123, 140–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, K., Jutz, G.E.Z., and Kong, S.C. 2014. Performance characteristics of compression-ignition engine using high concentration of ammonia mixed with dimethyl ether. Appl. Energy., 113, 488–499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G.P., Golden, D.M., Michael, F., Moriarty, N.W., Boris, E., Mikhail, G., et al., 1999. Available from http://combustion.berkeley.edu/gri-mech/version30/text30.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, Z., Liu, F., Bao, X., and Liu, X. 2012. Research on cellular instabilities in outwardly propagating spherical hydrogen-air flames. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy., 37, 7889–7899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Glarborg, P., and Qi, F. 2009. An experimental and kinetic modeling study of premixed NH3/CH4/O2/Ar flames at low pressure. Combust. Flame., 156, 1413–1426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, F., Jomaas, G., and Law, C.K. 2013. An experimental investigation on self-acceleration of cellular spherical flames. Proc. Combust. Inst.., 34, 937–945.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, H., Medina, A.V., Marsh, R., and Bowen, P.J. 2017. Numerical study assessing various ammonia/methane reaction models for use under gas turbine conditions. Fuel., 196, 344–351.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., Wang, J., Cai, X., and Huang, Z. 2016. Pressure history in the explosion of moist syngas/air mixtures. Fuel., 185, 18–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakaznov, V.F., Kursheva, L.A., and Fedina, Z.I. 1978. Determination of normal flame velocity and critical diameter of flame extinction in ammonia-air mixture. Combust. Explo. Shock., 14, 710–713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamfirescu, C., and Dincer, I. 2009. Ammonia as a green fuel and hydrogen source for vehicular applications. Fuel Process. Technol., 90, 729–737.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar