Valorization of Orange Peel Residues via Fluidized Bed Torrefaction: Comparison between Different Bed Materials

References

• Atienza-Martìnez, M., Fonts, I., Abrego, J., Ceamanos, J., and Gea, G. 2013. Sewage sludge torrefaction in a fluidized bed reactor. Chem. Eng. J., 222, 534–545. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2013.02.075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, R., and Ghoniem, A. 2012. Biomass torrefaction: modeling of volatile and solid product evolution kinetics. Bioresour. Technol., 124, 460–469. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, P.C.A., and Kiel, J.H.A. 2005. Torrefaction for biomass upgrading. ECN Report No.: ECN-RX-05-180 Energy Research Centre of The Netherlands. Available online at: https://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2005/rx05180.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Chirone, R., Miccio, F., Miccio, M., and Ruoppolo, G. 2016. Mass and energy balances for a stand-alone tomato peels torrefaction plant, Proc. XXXIX Meeting of the Italian Section of the Combustion Institute, 4–16 June, Napoli, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Chirone, R., Miccio, F., Miccio, M., and Ruoppolo, G. 2017. Segregation and fluidization behavior of poly-disperse mixtures of biomass and inert particles. Chem. Eng. Trans., 57, 811–816.
   Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Chirone, R., Miccio, F., Miccio, M., and Ruoppolo, G. 2018. Entrained-flow gasification of torrefied tomato peels: combining torrefaction experiments with chemical equilibrium modeling for gasification. Fuel, 220, 744–753. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.02.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Chirone, R., Michele, M., and Ruoppolo, G. 2018a. Fluidized bed torrefaction of commercial wood pellets: process performance and solid product quality. Energy Fuels, 32, 9459–9469. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Miccio, F., Miccio, M., and Ruoppolo, G. 2016a. Torrefaction of tomato peel residues in a fluidized bed of inert particles and a fixed-bed reactor. Energ. Fuel, 30, 4858–4868. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Miccio, F., Miccio, M., and Ruoppolo, G. 2016b. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of olive pomace decomposition under torrefaction operating. Fuel Process. Technol., 130, 147–154. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.09.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brachi, P., Riianova, E., Miccio, M., Miccio, F., Ruoppolo, G., and Chirone, R. 2017a. Valorization of sugar beet pulp via torrefaction with a focus on the effect of the preliminary extraction of pectins. Energ. Fuel., 31, 9595−9604. doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito, P., Rodrigues, F., Calado, L., and Oliveira, A. 2012. Thermal gasification of agro-industrial residues. WIT transactions on ecology and the environment. Waste Manage. Environ., (VI), 163, 95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Cavagnol, S., Roesler, J.F., Sanz, E., Nastoll, W., Lu, P., and Perré, P. 2015. Exothermicity in wood torrefaction and its impact on product mass yields: from micro to pilot scale. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 93, 331–339. doi:10.1002/cjce.22128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, W.H., Peng, J., and Bi, X.T. 2015. A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 44, 847–866. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui, H., and Grace, J.R. 2007. Fluidization of biomass particles: a review of experimental multiphase flow aspects. Chem. Eng. Sci., 62, 45–55. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2006.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhungana, A., Dutta, A., and Basu, P. 2012. Torrefaction of non-lignocellulose biomass waste. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 90, 186–195. doi:10.1002/cjce.20527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Blasi, C., Branca, C., Sarnataro, F.E., and Gallo, A. 2014. Thermal runaway in the pyrolysis of some lignocellulosic biomasses. Energ. Fuel., 28, 2684−2696. doi:10.1021/ef500296g
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdogan, E., Atila, B., Mumme, J., Reza, M.T., Toptas, A., and Elibo, Y.J. 2015. Characterization of products from hydrothermal carbonization of orange pomace including anaerobic digestibility of process liquor. Bioresour. Technol., 196, 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felfli, F., Luengo, C.A., Suarez, J.A., and Beaton, P.A. 2005. Wood briquette torrefaction. Energy Sustain. Develop., 9, 19–22. doi:10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60519-0
   Google Scholar
• Gogoi, D., Bordoloi, N., Goswami, R., Narzari, R., Saikia, R., Sut, D., Gogoi, L., and Kataki, R. 2017. Effect of torrefaction on yield and quality of pyrolytic products of arecanut husk: an agro-processing wastes. Bioresour Technol., 242, 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigiante, M., and Antolini, D. 2015. Mass yield as guide parameter of the torrefaction process. An experimental study of the solid fuel properties referred to two types of biomass. Fuel, 153, 499–509. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karki, S., Poudel, J., and Oh, S.C. 2018. Thermal pre-treatment of sewage sludge in a lab-scale fluidized bed for enhancing its solid fuel properties. Appl. Sci., 8, 1–15. doi:10.3390/app8020183
   Google Scholar
• Koppejan, J., Sokhansanj, S., Melin, S., and Madrali, S. 2012. Status overview of torrefaction technologies. IEA Bioenergy Task 32 Final Report. Available online at: http://www.ieabcc.nl/publications/IEA_Bioenergy_T32_Torrefaction_rev iew.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., Jones, D.D., and Hanna, M.A. 2009. Thermochemical biomass gasification: A review of the current status of the technology. Energies, 2, 556–581. doi:10.3390/en20300556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Legros, R., Bi, X.T., Lim, C.J., and Sokhansanj, S. 2012. Torrefaction of sawdust in a fluidized bed reactor. Bioresour. Technol., 103, 453–458. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafu, L.D., Neomagus, H.W.J.P., Everson, R.C., Carrier, M., Strydom, C.A., and Bunt, J.R. 2016. Structural and chemical modifications of typical South African biomasses during torrefaction. Biores. Technol., 202, 192–197. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medic, D., Darr, M., Shah, A., Potter, B., and Zimmerman, J. 2012. Effects of torrefaction process parameters on biomass feedstock upgrading. Fuel, 91, 147–154. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda, R., Bustos-Martinez, D., Sosa Blanco, C., Gutierrez Villarreal, M.H., and Rodriguez Cantu, M.E. 2009. Pyrolysis of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) dry peel. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 86, 245–325. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2009.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., Meng, J., Lim, K.H., Rojas, O.J., and Park, S. 2013. Transformation of lignocellulosic biomass during torrefaction. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 100, 199–206. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2012.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, J.H., Bi, X.T., Sokhansanj, S., and Lim, C.J. 2013. Torrefaction and densification of different species of softwood residues. Fuel, 111, 411–421. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimchuai, A., Dutta, A., and Basu, P. 2010. Torrefaction of agriculture residue to enhance combustible properties. Energy Fuels, 24, 4638–4645. doi:10.1021/ef901168f
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Repellin, V., Govin, A., Rolland, M., and Guyonnet, R. 2010. Energy requirement for fine grinding of torrefied wood. Biomass. Bioenergy, 34, 923–930. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.01.039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, J.M.C., Godina, R., de Oliveira Matias, J.C., and Nunes, L.J.R. 2018. Future perspectives of biomass torrefaction: review of the current state-of-the-art and research development. Sustainability, 10, 1–17. doi:10.3390/su10103546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelte, W. 2012. Torrefaction of unutilized biomass resources and characterization of torrefaction gasses, Resultat Kontrakt (RK) Report Danish Technological Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Tumuluru, J.S., Sokhansanj, S., Hess, J.R., Wright, C.T., and Boardman, R.D. 2011. A review on biomass torrefaction process and product properties for energy applications. Ind. Biotechnol., 7, 384–401. doi:10.1089/ind.2011.7.384
   Google Scholar
• Volpe, M., Panno, D., Volpe, R., and Messineo, A. 2015. Upgrade of citrus waste as a biofuel via slow pyrolysis. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 115, 66–76. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2015.06.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werther, J., Saenger, M., Hartge, E.U., Ogada, T., and Siagi, Z. 2000. Combustion of agricultural residues. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 26, 1–27. doi:10.1016/S0360-1285(99)00005-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, K.T., Tsai, C.J., Chen, C.S., and Chen, H.W. 2012. The characteristics of torrefied microalgae. Appl. Energy, 100, 52–57. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, H.S., and Choi, H.S. 2016. A study on torrefaction characteristics of waste sawdust in an auger type pyrolyzer. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 18, 460–468. doi:10.1007/s10163-016-0482-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar