References
- Adánez, J., L. F. De Diego, F. García-Labiano, A. Abad, and J. C. Abanades. 2001. Determination of biomass char combustion reactivities for FBC applications by a combined method. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40:4317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0102394.
- Afacan, O., Y. Gogebakan, and N. Selçuk. 2007. Modeling of NOx emissions from fluidized bed combustion of high volatile lignites. Combust. Sci. Technol. 179:227. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200600809191.
- Altindag, H., Y. Gogebakan, and N. Selçuk. 2004. Sulfur capture for fluidized-bed combustion of high-sulfur content lignites. Appl. Energy 79:403. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2004.01.006.
- Anthony, D. B., and J. B. Howard. 1976. Coal devolatilization and hydrogasification. AIChE J. 22:625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690220403.
- Bonn, B., G. Pelz, and H. Baumann. 1995. Formation and decomposition of N2O in fluidized bed boilers. Fuel 74:165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)92650-U.
- Chen, Z., M. Lin, J. Ignowski, B. Kelly, T. M. Linjewile, and P. K. Agarwal. 2001. Mathematical modeling of fluidized bed combustion. 4: N2O and NOx emissions from the combustion of char. Fuel 80:1259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00007-2.
- Choi, J. H., I. Y. Chang, D. W. Shun, C. K. Yi, J. E. Son, and S. D. Kim. 1999. Correlation on the particle entrainment rate in gas fluidized beds. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38:2491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ie980707i.
- Değirmenci, E. 2000. Dynamic simulation of fluidized bed combustors. PhD Thesis, Middle East Technical University.
- Desroches-Ducarne, E., J. C. Dolignier, E. Marty, G. Martin, and L. Delfosse. 1998. Modelling of gaseous pollutants emissions in circulating fluidized bed combustion of municipal refuse. Fuel 77:1399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00060-X.
- Duo, W., K. Dam‐Johansen, and K. Østergaard. 1992. Kinetics of the gas-phase reaction between nitric oxide, ammonia and oxygen. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 70:1014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450700525.
- Field, M. A., D. W. Gill, B. B. Morgan, and P. G. W. Hawksley. 1967. Combustion of pulverized coal, British coal utilization association, 186–90. Leatherhead: England.
- Glarborg, P., A. D. Jensen, and J. E. Johnsson. 2003. Fuel nitrogen conversion in solid fuel fired systems. Progr. Energy Combust. Sci. 29:89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(02)00031-X.
- Goel, S. K., J. M. Beer, and A. F. Sarofim. 1996. An emission model for a bubbling FBC using detailed chemical kinetics: Significance of destruction reactions. J. Instit. Energy 69:201.
- Goel, S. K., A. Morihara, C. J. Tullin, and A. F. Sarofim. 1994. Effect of NO and O2 concentration on N2O formation during coal combustion in a fluidized-bed combustor: Modeling results. Proc. Combust. Inst. 25:1051. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(06)80743-5.
- Gogebakan, Y., and N. Selçuk. 2004. Assessment of a model with char attrition for a bubbling atmospheric fluidized-bed combustor. Combust. Sci. Technol. 176:799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200490428413.
- Gogebakan, Z., Y. Gogebakan, and N. Selçuk. 2008. Co-firing of olive residue with lignite in bubbling FBC. Combust. Sci. Technol. 180:854. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200801894117.
- Gogebakan, Z., and N. Selçuk. 2008. Cofiring lignite with hazelnut shell and cotton residue in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor. Energy Fuels 22:1620. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef700650x.
- Gogebakan, Z., and N. Selçuk. 2009. Trace elements partitioning during co-firing biomass with lignite in a pilot-scale fluidized bed combustor. J. Hazard. Mater. 162:1129. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.149.
- Gogolek, P. E. G., and H. A. Becker. 1992. Calculation of the expansion of a bubbling fluidised bed of coarse particles. Powder Technol. 71:107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(92)88010-F.
- Grace, J. R., and R. Clift. 1974. On the two-phase theory of fluidization. Chem. Eng. Sci. 29:327. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(74)80039-4.
- Hannes, J. P. 1996. Mathematical modelling of circulating fluidized bed combustion. PhD Thesis, RWTH Aachen.
- Hazlett, J. D., and M. A. Bergougnou. 1992. Influence of bubble size distribution at the bed surface on entrainment profile. Powder Technol. 70:99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(92)85038-W.
- Hocaoğlu, S. M., H. G. Haksevenler, İ. Baştürk, and C. Aydöner. 2015. Zeytin Sektörü Atıklarının Yönetimi. Final report. Kocaeli: The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey, Marmara Research Center. Report No.: 5148602.
- Hottel, H. C., G. C. Williams, N. M. Nerheim, and G. R. Schneider. 1965. Kinetic studies in stirred reactors: Combustion of carbon monoxide and propane. Proc. Combust. Inst. 10:111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(65)80155-2.
- Johnsson, J. E., L. E. Åmand, K. Dam-Johansen, and B. Leckner. 1996. Modeling N2O reduction and decomposition in a circulating fluidized bed boiler. Energy Fuels 10:970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef950253r.
- Johnsson, J. E., and K. Dam-Johansen. 1991. Formation and reduction of NOx in a fluidized bed combustor. Proc. of the 11th Int. Conf. on Fluidized Bed Combustion, ASME, pp. 1389, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Jung, K., and R. D. La Nauze. 1983. Sherwood numbers for burning particles in fluidized beds. Fluidization IV: Proc. of the 4th Int. Conf. on Fluidization, Engineering Foundation, pp. 427, Kashikojima, Japan.
- Kulah, G. 2010. Validation of a FBC model for co-firing of hazelnut shell with lignite against experimental data. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 34:646. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.12.006.
- Kulah, G., E. M. Morali, and N. Selçuk. 2010. Mathematical modeling of a bubbling fluidized bed combustor cofired with lignite and biomass. Combust. Sci. Technol. 182:600. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200903466244.
- Levenspiel, O., D. Kunii, and T. Fitzgerald. 1968. The processing of solids of changing size in bubbling fluidized beds. Powder Technol. 2:87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(68)80043-9.
- Loirat, H., F. Caralp, M. Destriau, and R. Lesclaux. 1987. Oxidation of CO by N2O between 1076 and 1228 K: Determination of the rate constant of the exchange reaction. J. Phys. Chem. 91:6538. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/j100310a023.
- Lu, L., T. M. Ismail, Y. Jin, M. Abd El-Salam, and K. Yoshikawa. 2016. Numerical and experimental investigation on co-combustion characteristics of hydrothermally treated municipal solid waste with coal in a fluidized bed. Fuel Process. Technol. 154:52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.08.007.
- Marias, F., A. Benzaoui, J. Vaxelaire, F. Gelix, and F. Nicol. 2015. Fate of nitrogen during fluidized incineration of sewage sludge. Estimation of NO and N2O content in the exhaust gas. Energy Fuels 29:4534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01109.
- Mori, S., and C. Y. Wen. 1975. Estimation of bubble diameter in gaseous fluidized beds. AIChE J. 21:109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1547-5905.
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - Coal. Accessed 26 August, 2018. http://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Coal.
- Selçuk, N., A. Batu, and O. Oymak. 2003. NOx emissions from combustion of high sulfur lignite in an ABFBC test rig. Proc. of the 17th Int. Conf. on Fluidized Bed Combustion, ASME, Paper No. 109 (in CD-ROM), Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
- Selcuk, N., E. Degirmenci, and Y. Gogebakan. 2003. Modeling of a bubbling AFBC with volatiles release. J. Energy Resour. Technol. 125:72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1506937.
- Selçuk, N., Y. Gogebakan, H. Harmandar, and H. Altindag. 2004. Effect of recycle on fluidized-bed combustion and emission characteristics of high-sulfur lignite. Combust. Sci. Technol. 176:959. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200490428576.
- Selçuk, N., O. Oymak, and E. Deǧirmenci. 1996. Basic requirement for modelling fluidized beds: Fast computation of particle size distributions (PSDs). Powder Technol. 87:269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(96)03112-9.
- Selçuk, N., and Ü. Sivrioğlu. 1980. Mathematical modeling of coal-fired fluidized beds. J. Thermal Sci. Technol. (In turkish). 3:31.
- Shimizu, T., Y. Tachiyama, A. Kuroda, and M. Inagaki. 1992. Effect of SO2 removal by limestone on NOx and N2O emissions from a bubbling fluidized-bed combustor. Fuel 71:841. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(92)90140-J.
- Sılgır, N. 2015. An investigation on the determination of nutrient contents of cottonseed meals produced in Çukurova Region (in Turkish). MSc Thesis, Mustafa Kemal University.
- Stubington, J. F., S. W. Chan, and S. J. Clough. 1990. A model for volatiles release into a bubbling fluidized‐bed combustor. AIChE J. 36:75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1547-5905.
- Turkish Ministry of Trade. Accessed 26 August, 2018. http://koop.gtb.gov.tr/data/5ad06bb9ddee7dd8b423eb23/2017FındıkRaporu.pdf.
- Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). Accessed 26 August, 2018. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1001.
- Vermeulen, I., C. Block, and C. Vandecasteele. 2012. Estimation of fuel-nitrogen oxide emissions from the element composition of the solid or waste fuel. Fuel 94:75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.11.071.
- Wu, Z., and Y. Ohtsuka. 1996. Remarkable formation of N2 from a chinese lignite during coal pyrolysis. Energy Fuels 10:1280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef960050i.
- Yuan, S., X. L. Chen, W. F. Li, H. F. Liu, and F. C. Wang. 2011. Nitrogen conversion under rapid pyrolysis of two types of aquatic biomass and corresponding blends with coal. Bioresour. Technol. 102:10124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.047.
- Zhou, H., G. Flamant, and D. Gauthier. 2004. DEM-LES of coal combustion in a bubbling fluidized bed. Part I: Gas-particle turbulent flow structure. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59:4193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2509(04)00293-3.
- Zhou, H., G. Flamant, D. Gauthier, and Y. Flitris. 2003. Simulation of coal combustion in a bubbling fluidized bed by distinct element method. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 81:1144. doi:https://doi.org/10.1205/026387603770866308.