References
- Barrett, E. P., L. G. Joyner, and P. P. Halenda. 1951. The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73 (1):373–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a126.
- Bejarano, P. A., and Y. A. Levendis. 2008. Single-coal-particle combustion in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 environments. Combust. Flame 153 (1–2):270–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2007.10.022.
- Brunauer, S., P. H. Emmett, and E. Teller. 1938. Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 (2):309–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023.
- Düdder, H., A. Wütscher, N. Vorobiev, M. Schiemann, V. Scherer, and M. Muhler. 2016. Oxidation characteristics of a cellulose-derived hydrochar in thermogravimetric and laminar flow burner experiments. Fuel Proc. Technol. 148:85–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.027.
- Faber, R., J. Yan, F. Stark, and S. Priesnitz. 2011. Flue gas desulphurization for hot recycle oxyfuel combustion: Experiences from the 30MWth oxyfuel pilot plant in schwarze pumpe. Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 5 (SUPPL. 1):210–23.
- Geier, M., C. R. Shaddix, K. A. Davis, and H.-S. Shim. 2012. On the use of single-film models to describe the oxy-fuel combustion of pulverized coal char. Appl. Energy 93:675–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.097.
- Graeser, P., and M. Schiemann. 2018. Corrigendum to “Emissivity of burning bituminous coal char particles – Burnout effects” [Fuel 196 (2017) 336–343]. Fuel 234:225–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.027.
- Guo, J., Z. Liu, P. Wang, X. Huang, J. Li, P. Xu, and C. Zheng. 2015. Numerical investigation on oxy-combustion characteristics of a 200 MWe tangentially fired boiler. Fuel 140:660–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.125.
- Habermehl, M., J. Erfurth, D. Toporov, M. Förster, and R. Kneer. 2012. Experimental and numerical investigations on a swirl oxycoal flame. Appl. Therm. Eng. 49:161–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2011.07.055.
- Hecht, E. S., C. R. Shaddix, and J. S. Lighty. 2013. Analysis of the errors associated with typical pulverized coal char combustion modeling assumptions for oxy-fuel combustion. Combust. Flame 160 (8):1499–509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.02.015.
- Heuer, S., C. Wedler, C. Ontyd, M. Schiemann, R. Span, M. Richter, and V. Scherer. 2019. Evolution of coal char porosity from CO2-pyrolysis experiments. Fuel 253 (May):1457–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.05.071.
- Holland, T., and T. H. Fletcher. 2017. Comprehensive model of single particle pulverized coal combustion extended to oxy-coal conditions. Energy Fuels 31 (3):2722–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b03387.
- Holland, T. M., 2017. A comprehensive coal conversion model extended to oxy-coal conditions. Dissertation, Brigham Young University, Provo.
- Holmgren, P., D. R. Wagner, A. Strandberg, R. Molinder, H. Wiinikka, K. Umeki, and M. Broström. 2017. Size, shape, and density changes of biomass particles during rapid devolatilization. Fuel 206: 342–351.
- Khatami, R., C. Stivers, and Y. A. Levendis. 2012. Ignition characteristics of single coal particles from three different ranks in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 atmospheres. Combust. Flame 159 (12):3554–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.019.
- Kim, D., S. Choi, C. R. Shaddix, and M. Geier. 2014. Effect of CO2 gasification reaction on char particle combustion in oxy-fuel conditions. Fuel 120:130–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.004.
- Knappstein, R., G. Kuenne, A. Ketelheun, J. Köser, L. Becker, S. Heuer, M. Schiemann, V. Scherer, A. Dreizler, A. Sadiki, et al. 2016. Devolatilization and volatiles reaction of individual coal particles in the context of FGM tabulated chemistry. Combust. Flame 169:72–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.04.014.
- Köser, J., T. Li, N. Vorobiev, A. Dreizler, M. Schiemann, and B. Böhm. 2019. Multi-parameter diagnostics for high-resolution in-situ measurements of single coal particle combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37 (3):2893–900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.05.116.
- Lemaire, R., C. Bruhier, D. Menage, E. Therssen, and P. Seers. 2015. Study of the high heating rate devolatilization of a pulverized bituminous coal under oxygen-containing atmospheres. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 114:22–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.04.008.
- Lu, Z., J. Jian, P. A. Jensen, H. Wu, and P. Glarborg. 2016. Influence of torrefaction on single particle combustion of wood. Energy Fuels 30 (7):5772–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00806.
- Maffei, T., R. Khatami, S. Pierucci, T. Faravelli, E. Ranzi, and Y. A. Levendis. 2013. Experimental and modeling study of single coal particle combustion in O2/N2 and Oxy-fuel (O2/CO2) atmospheres. Combust. Flame 160 (11):2559–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.06.002.
- Magalhães, D., A. Panahi, F. Kazanç, and Y. A. Levendis. 2019. Comparison of single particle combustion behaviours of raw and torrefied biomass with Turkish lignites. Fuel 241 (December 2018):1085–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.124.
- Magalhães, D., M. Rabaçal, and M. Costa. 2015. High speed imaging of single particle ignition behavior of biomass fuels. Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting, Budapest, Hungary, 1–5.
- Maloney, D. J., E. R. Monazam, K. H. Casleton, and C. R. Shaddix. 2005. Evaluation of char combustion models: Measurement and analysis of variability in char particle size and density. Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2):2197–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.093.
- McConnell, J., B. Goshayeshi, and J. C. Sutherland. 2017. An evaluation of the efficacy of various coal combustion models for predicting char burnout. Fuel 201:53–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.052.
- McConnell, J., and J. C. Sutherland. 2017. The effect of model fidelity on prediction of char burnout for single-particle coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36 (2):2165–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.06.136.
- Molina, A., J. J. Murphy, C. R. Shaddix, and L. G. Blevins. 2005. The effect of potassium bromide and sodium carbonate on coal char combustion reactivity. Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2):2187–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.219.
- Molina, A., and C. R. Shaddix. 2007. Ignition and devolatilization of pulverized bituminous coal particles during oxygen/carbon dioxide coal combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 31 (2):1905–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.102.
- Murphy, J. J., and C. R. Shaddix. 2006. Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments. Combust. Flame 144 (4):710–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2005.08.039.
- Niu, Y., and C. R. Shaddix. 2015. A sophisticated model to predict ash inhibition during combustion of pulverized char particles. Proc. Combust. Inst. 35 (1):561–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.077.
- Panahi, A., Y. A. Levendis, N. Vorobiev, and M. Schiemann. 2017. Direct observations on the combustion characteristics of Miscanthus and Beechwood biomass including fusion and spherodization. Fuel Proc. Technol. 166:41–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.05.029.
- Panahi, A., M. Tarakcioglu, M. Schiemann, M. Delichatsios, and Y. A. Levendis. 2018. On the particle sizing of torrefied biomass for co-firing with pulverized coal. Combust. Flame 194:72–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.04.014.
- Riaza, J., J. Gibbins, H. Chalmers, M. Ajmi, J. Gibbins, and H. Chalmers. 2017. Ignition and combustion of single particles of coal and biomass. Fuel 202:650–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.04.011.
- Riaza, J., R. Khatami, Y. A. Levendis, L. Álvarez, M. V. Gil, C. Pevida, F. Rubiera, and J. J. Pis. 2014. Single particle ignition and combustion of anthracite, semi-anthracite and bituminous coals in air and simulated oxy-fuel conditions. Combust. Flame 161 (4):1096–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.10.004.
- Rouquerol, J., D. Avnir, C. W. Fairbridge, D. H. Everett, J. M. Haynes, N. Pernicone, J. D. F. Ramsay, K. S. W. Sing, and K. K. Unger. 1994. Recommendations for the characterization of porous solids (Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 66 (8):1739–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1351/pac199466081739.
- Schiemann, M., M. Geier, C. R. Shaddix, N. Vorobiev, and V. Scherer. 2014. Determination of char combustion kinetics parameters: Comparison of point detector and imaging-based particle-sizing pyrometry. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 (7):075114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4890438.
- Schiemann, M., S. Haarmann, and N. Vorobiev. 2014. Char burning kinetics from imaging pyrometry: Particle shape effects. Fuel 134:53–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.049.
- Shaddix, C. R. 1999. Correcting thermocouple measurements for radiation loss: A critical review. Proceedings of the 33rd National Heat Transfer Conference, HTD99-282, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
- Shaddix, C. R., E. S. Hecht, C. Gonzalo-Tirado, and B. S. Haynes. 2019. The effect of bulk gas diffusivity on apparent pulverized coal char combustion kinetics. Proc. Combust. Inst. 37 (3):3071–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.060.
- Shaddix, C. R., and A. Molina. 2009. Particle imaging of ignition and devolatilization of pulverized coal during oxy-fuel combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 32 (2):2091–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.157.
- Shan, L., M. Kong, T. D. Bennet, A. C. Sarroza, C. Eastwick, D. Sun, G. Lu, Y. Yan, and H. Liu. 2018. Studies on combustion behaviours of single biomass particles using a visualization method. Biomass Bioenergy 109 (December 2017):54–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.12.008.
- Toftegaard, M. B., J. Brix, P. A. Jensen, P. Glarborg, and A. D. Jensen. 2010. Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 36 (5):581–625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2010.02.001.
- Tolvanen, H., T. Keipi, and R. Raiko. 2016. A study on raw, torrefied, and steam-exploded wood: Fine grinding, drop-tube reactor combustion tests in N2/O2 and CO2/O2 atmospheres, particle geometry analysis, and numerical kinetics modeling. Fuel 176:153–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.02.071.
- Tolvanen, H., L. Kokko, and R. Raiko. 2013. Fast pyrolysis of coal, peat, and torrefied wood: Mass loss study with a drop-tube reactor, particle geometry analysis, and kinetics modeling. Fuel 111:148–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.030.
- Tolvanen, H., and R. Raiko. 2014. An experimental study and numerical modeling of combusting two coal chars in a drop-tube reactor: A comparison between N2/O2, CO2/O2, and N2/CO2/O2 atmospheres. Fuel 124:190–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.01.103.
- Vorobiev, N., A. Becker, H. Kruggel-Emden, A. Panahi, Y. A. Levendis, and M. Schiemann. 2017. Particle shape and stefan flow effects on the burning rate of torrefied biomass. Fuel 210 (August):107–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.08.037.
- Vorobiev, N., M. Geier, M. Schiemann, and V. Scherer. 2016. Experimentation for char combustion kinetics measurements: Bias from char preparation. Fuel Proc. Technol. 151:155–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.05.005.
- Vorobiev, N., S. Valentiner, M. Schiemann, and V. Scherer. 2020. Comprehensive data set of single particle combustion under oxy-fuel conditions, Part I: Measurement technique (submitted). Combust. Sci. Technol. 1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2020.1743696.
- Wu, Y., X. Wu, L. Yao, Z. Xue, C. Wu, H. Zhou, and K. Cen. 2017. Simultaneous particle size and 3D position measurements of pulverized coal flame with digital inline holography. Fuel 195:12–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.024.
- Xu, Y., S. Li, Q. Yao, and Y. Yuan. 2018. Investigation of steam effect on ignition of dispersed coal particles in O2/N2and O2/CO2ambiences. Fuel 233 (January):388–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.06.047.
- Yuan, Y., S. Li, G. Li, N. Wu, and Q. Yao. 2014. The transition of heterogeneous–homogeneous ignitions of dispersed coal particle streams. Combust. Flame 161 (9):2458–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.03.008.
- Yuan, Y., S. Li, Y. Xu, Q. Yao, S. Li, Y. Xu, and Q. Yao. 2017. Experimental and theoretical analyses on ignition and surface temperature of dispersed coal particles in O2/N2 and O2/CO2 ambients. Fuel 201:93–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.079.
- Zhang, Z., X. Li, C. Luo, L. Zhang, Y. Xu, Y. Wu, J. Liu, Y. Duan, and C. Zheng. 2018. Investigation on the thermodynamic calculation of a 35 MWth oxy-fuel combustion coal-fired boiler. Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 71 (February):36–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.02.004.