Advance in Detection and Management for Underground Coal Fires: A Global Technological Overview

References

• Abramowicz, A., O. Rahmonov, R. Chybiorz, and J. Ciesielczuk. 2021. Vegetation as an indicator of underground smoldering fire on coal-waste dumps. Fire. Saf. J. 121:103287. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubourg, C., M. Jackson, M. Ducoux, and M. Mansour. 2019. Magnetite-out and pyrrhotite-in temperatures in shales and slates. Terra. Nova 31 (6):534–39. doi:10.1111/ter.12424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beamish, B. B., and J. Theiler. 2019. Coal spontaneous combustion: Examples of the self-heating incubation process. Int. J. Coal Geol. 215:103297. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2019.103297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharti, A. K., S. K. Pal, P. Priyam, V. K. Pathak, R. Kumar, and S. K. Ranjan. 2016. Detection of illegal mine voids using electrical resistivity tomography: The case-study of Raniganj coalfield (India). Eng. Geol. 213:120–32. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswal, S. S., S. Raval, and A. K. Gorai. 2019. Delineation and mapping of coal mine fire using remote sensing data–a review. Int. J. Remote Sens. 40 (17):6499–529. doi:10.1080/01431161.2018.1547455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock, S. E. T., T. F. J. Hälbich, and P. Lindsay. 2001. Environmental impacts associated with an abandoned mine in the Witbank coalfield, South Africa. Int. J. Coal Geol. 45 (2–3):195–216. doi:10.1016/S0166-5162(00)00033-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, R. S. 2006. Coal fire mapping from satellite thermal IR data – a case example in Jharia coalfield, Jharkhand, India. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 60 (2):113–28. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2005.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng, X. J., H. Wen, Y. H. Xu, S. X. Fan, and S. J. Ren. 2021. Environmental treatment technology for complex coalfield fire zone in a close distance coal seam—A case study. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 144 (2):563–74. doi:10.1007/s10973-020-10302-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., J. H. Peng, Z. Y. Song, Y. Z. Zheng, and B. Y. Zhang. 2022. Monitoring persistent coal fire using Landsat time series data from 1986 to 2020. IEEE T. Geosci. Remote. Sens 60:1–16. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2022.3142350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Z. H. Suo, J. Li, J. Wei, F. Cao, H. H. Sun, H. Li, Y. Gao, Q. Li, Y. Yue, et al. 2023. Active–Passive remote sensing identification of underground coal fire zones with joint constraints of temperature and surface deformation time series. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth. Obs. Remote. Sens 17:894–915. doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2023.3335293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K., B. Zhang, M. Guo, Y. W. Chen, H. Deng, B. L. Yang, S. Liu, F. Ma, F. Zhu, Z. Gong, et al. 2020. Photoacoustic trace gas detection of ethylene in high-concentration methane background based on dual light sources and fiber-optic microphone. Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem 310:127825. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2020.127825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corwin, R. F., and D. B. Hoover. 1979. The self-potential method in geothermal exploration. Geophysics. 44 (2):226–45. doi:10.1190/1.1440964.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danish, E., and M. Onder. 2020. Application of fuzzy logic for predicting of mine fire in underground coal mine. Saf. Health Work 11 (3):322–34. doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2020.06.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, J., S. Ge, H. Qi, F. Zhou, and B. Shi. 2021. Underground coal fire emission of spontaneous combustion, Sandaoba coalfield in Xinjiang, China: Investigation and analysis. Sci. Total. Environ. 777:146080. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, J. C., F. B. Zhou, B. B. Shi, J. L. Torero, H. N. Qi, P. Liu, S. Ge, Z. Wang, and C. Chen. 2020. Waste heat recovery, utilization and evaluation of coalfield fire applying heat pipe combined thermoelectric generator in Xinjiang, China. Energy 207:118303. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2020.118303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dentoni, V., S. Da Pelo, M. M. Aghdam, P. Randaccio, A. Loi, N. Careddu, and A. Bernardini. 2020. Natural radioactivity and radon exhalation rate of Sardinian dimension stones. Constr. Build. Mater. 247:118377. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duba, A. 1983. Electrical conductivity of Colorado oil shale to 900 °C. Fuel 62 (8):966–72. doi:10.1016/0016-2361(83)90172-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duba, A. G. 1977. Electrical conductivity of coal and coal char. Fuel 56 (4):441–43. doi:10.1016/0016-2361(77)90074-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du, B., Y. T. Liang, and F. C. Tian. 2021. Detecting concealed fire sources in coalfield fires: An application study. Fire. Saf. J. 121:103298. doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunnington, L., and M. Nakagawa. 2017. Fast and safe gas detection from underground coal fire by drone fly over. Environ. Pollut. 229:139–45. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle, M. A., L. F. Radke, E. L. Heffern, J. M. K. O’Keefe, J. C. Hower, C. D. Smeltzer, J. M. Hower, R. A. Olea, R. J. Eatwell, D. R. Blake, et al. 2012. Gas emissions, minerals, and tars associated with three coal fires, Powder River Basin, USA. Sci. Total Environ. 420:146–59. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etiope, G., and G. Martinelli. 2002. Migration of carrier and trace gases in the geosphere: An overview. Phys. Earth. Planet. In 129 (3–4):185–204. doi:10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00292-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, L., M. Dong, B. Qin, J. Pang, and S. Babaee. 2024. H2 production enhancement in underground coal gasification with steam addition: Effect of injection conditions. Energy 291:130379. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.130379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, L., J. Liu, H. Xin, L. Jiang, Y. Wu, and S. Babaee. 2024. Effect of turbulent fluctuation on the ignition of millimeter particle: Experimental studies and numerical modelling with a new correlation of nusselt number. Particuology 91:168–75. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2024.03.002.
   Google Scholar
• Fitterman, D. V. 1983. Modeling of self-potential anomalies near vertical dikes. Geophysics 48 (2):171–80. doi:10.1190/1.1441456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangopadhyay, P. K., K. Lahiri-Dutt, and K. Saha. 2006. Application of remote sensing to identify coalfires in the Raniganj Coalbelt, India. Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs. 8 (3):188–95. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2005.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, L. Y., B. Tan, L. Fan, H. Y. Wang, X. M. Li, W. Lu, and Y. Jiang. 2024. Comparison and analysis of spontaneous combustion control between coal storage silos and biomass silos. Energy 286:129623. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.129623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, R. X., H. Q. Zhu, Q. Liao, B. L. Qu, L. T. Hu, and H. R. Wang. 2022. Detection of coal fire by deep learning using ground penetrating radar. Measurement 201:111585. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Z., X. Y. Kang, K. Singha, J. C. Wu, and X. Q. Shi. 2024. Real-time monitoring of in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) of dissolved TCE by integrating electrical resistivity tomography and reactive transport modeling. Water Research 252:121195. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, X. P., H. D. Liang, S. Lv, Y. R. Jia, T. C. Zhao, and W. L. Liang. 2017. Mercury emissions from dynamic monitoring holes of underground coal fires in the Wuda Coalfield, inner Mongolia, China. Int. J. Coal Geol. 181:78–86. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2017.08.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W., Y. Tang, Q. Guo, and D. Ma. 2023. Variations of smoldering spread characteristics of Shanxi anthracite during forward smoldering propagation: Effect of ventilation rate. Fuel 342:127862. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui, Z. J., Y. H. Liu, C. C. Yin, Y. Su, X. Y. Ren, B. Zhang, and B. Xiong. 2021. Detection of coal spontaneous combustion using the TEM method: A synthetic study. Pure. Appl. Geophys. 178 (10):3987–4000. doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02829-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, X., Q. Sun, Q. M. Shi, N. Q. Wang, J. S. Geng, and S. Z. Xue. 2023. Radon exhalation characteristics after pyrolysis of long flame coal. Sci. Total Environ. 904:167228. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ide, T. S., N. Crook, and F. M. Orr Jr. 2011. Magnetometer measurements to characterize a subsurface coal fire. Int. J. Coal Geol. 87 (3–4):190–96. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2011.06.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, L. M., H. Lin, J. W. Ma, B. Kong, and Y. Wang. 2011. Potential of small-baseline SAR interferometry for monitoring land subsidence related to underground coal fires: Wuda (Northern China) case study. Remote Sens. Environ. 115 (2):257–68. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, Y. M., Y. C. Xu, Y. Wang, Y. Q. Wu, and Q. Q. Tan. 2022. Underground transient electromagnetic real-time imaging system for coal mine water disasters. Measurement 203:111709. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111709.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanam, V., M. Motagh, S. Garg, and K. Jain. 2021. Multi-sensor remote sensing analysis of coal fire induced land subsidence in Jharia Coalfields, Jharkhand, India. Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs. 102:102439. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2021.102439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaoulis, M., A. Revil, and D. Mao. 2014. Localization of a coal seam fire using combined self-potential and resistivity data. Int. J. Coal Geol. 128–129:109–18. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2014.04.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kars, M., C. Aubourg, and J. P. Pozzi. 2023. Impact of temperature increase on the formation of magnetic minerals in shales. The example of Tournemire, France. Phys. Earth. Planet. In 338:107021. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2023.107021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataka, M. O., A. R. Matiane, and B. D. O. Odhiambo. 2018. Chemical and mineralogical characterization of highly and less reactive coal from Northern Natal and Venda-Pafuri coalfields in South Africa. J. Afr. Earth. Sci. 137:278–85. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayet, N., K. Pathak, C. P. Singh, B. K. Bhattacharya, R. K. Chaturvedi, A. S. Brahmandam, and C. Mandal. 2024. Detection and mapping of vegetation stress using AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral imagery in coal mining sites. Adv. Space Res. 73 (2):1368–78. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2023.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, A. G. 2004. Locating fires in abandoned underground coal mines. Int. J. Coal Geol. 59 (1–2):49–62. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2003.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., S. Y. Lin, R. P. Singh, C. W. Lan, and H. W. Yun. 2021. Underground burning of Jharia coal mine (India) and associated surface deformation using In SAR data. Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs. 103:102524. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2021.102524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, B., Z. Liu, and Q. G. Yao. 2021. Study on the electromagnetic spectrum characteristics of underground coal fire hazardous and the detection criteria of high temperature anomaly area. Environ. Earth Sci. 80 (3):89. doi:10.1007/s12665-021-09380-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, B., E. Y. Wang, and Z. H. Li. 2018. The effect of high temperature environment on rock properties—an example of electromagnetic radiation characterization. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (29):29104–14. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2940-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, B., E. Y. Wang, Z. H. Li, and W. Lu. 2019b. Study on the feature of electromagnetic radiation under coal oxidation and temperature rise based on multifractal theory. Fractals 27 (3):1–14. doi:10.1142/S0218348X19500385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, B., E. Y. Wang, Z. H. Li, and Y. Niu. 2017. Time-varying characteristics of electromagnetic radiation during the coal-heating process. Int. J. Heat Mass Tran. 108:434–42. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.12.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, B., E. Y. Wang, W. Lu, and Z. H. Li. 2019a. Application of electromagnetic radiation detection in high-temperature anomalous areas experiencing coalfield fires. Energy 189:116144. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2019.116144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuenzer, C., and G. B. Stracher. 2012. Geomorphology of coal seam fires. Geomorphology 138 (1):209–22. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumari, K., P. Dey, C. Kumar, D. Pandit, S. S. Mishra, V. Kisku, S. K. Chaulya, S. K. Ray, and G. M. Prasad. 2021. UMAP and LSTM based fire status and explosibility prediction for sealed-off area in underground coal mine. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 146:837–52. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.12.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., and S. K. Pal. 2020. Underground coal fire mapping using analysis of Self-Potential (SP) data collected from Akashkinaree Colliery, Jharia Coalfield, India. J. Geol. Soc. India 95 (4):350–58. doi:10.1007/s12594-020-1443-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kus, J. 2017. Impact of underground coal fire on coal petrographic properties of high volatile bituminous coals: A case study from coal fire zone No. 3.2 in the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, North China. Int. J. Coal Geol. 171:185–211. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2016.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassalle, G. 2021. Monitoring natural and anthropogenic plant stressors by hyperspectral remote sensing: Recommendations and guidelines based on a meta-review. Sci. Total Environ. 788:147758. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, M., Y. C. Liang, H. D. Liang, Z. Rao, and H. F. Cheng. 2018. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil of the backfilled region in the Wuda coal fire area, Inner Mongolia, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 165:434–39. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, Y. T., Y. L. Yang, S. D. Guo, F. C. Tian, and S. F. Wang. 2023. Combustion mechanism and control approaches of underground coal fires: A review. Int. J. Coal. Sci. Technol. 10 (1):24. doi:10.1007/s40789-023-00581-w.
   Google Scholar
• Li, H., K. Y. Li, and W. Chen. 2022. Comparing induced polarization effect on semi-airborne and airborne transient electromagnetic data: A numerical study. J. Appl. Geophys. 198:104556. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2022.104556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. F., Y. M. Ma, C. T. Zheng, D. Yu, L. E. Hu, S. Yang, F. Song, Y. Li, S. Liu, Z. Zhang, et al. 2024. Near-infrared wide-range dual-gas sensor system for simultaneous detection of methane and carbon monoxide in coal mine environment. Spectrochim Acta A 307:123581. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2023.123581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P. F., Q. Sun, L. Xue, J. S. Geng, H. L. Jia, T. Luo, and X. Zheng. 2023. Pore structure evolution and radon exhalation characteristics of sandstone after loading and unloading. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 170:105502. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2023.105502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S. K., F. C. Tian, W. Z. Jiang, M. Y. Chen, and Z. R. Li. 2023. Experimental investigation on coal desorption characteristics and spontaneous combustion properties evolution under the coupled effect of temperature and pressure. Fuel 351:128829. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y., X. Y. Qi, D. Y. Luo, Y. Q. Zhang, and J. T. Qin. 2024. Detection and management of coal seam outcrop fire in China: A case study. Sci. Rep. 14 (1):4609. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55304-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. L., Y. J. Wang, Y. Li, L. B. Dang, X. X. Liu, H. F. Zhao, and S. Yan. 2019. Underground coal fires identification and monitoring using time-series In SAR with persistent and distributed scatterers: A case study of miquan coal fire zone in Xinjiang, China. IEEE. Access 7:164492–506. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2952363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. L., Y. J. Wang, S. Y. Yan, F. Zhao, Y. Li, L. B. Dang, X. Liu, Y. Shao, and B. Peng. 2021. Underground coal fire detection and monitoring based on landsat-8 and sentinel-1 Data sets in Miquan fire area, XinJiang. Remote Sens. 13 (6):1141. doi:10.3390/rs13061141.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Y. H., Y. F. Zhong, S. Shi, and L. P. Zhang. 2024. Scale-aware deep reinforcement learning for high resolution remote sensing imagery classification. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 209:296–311. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2024.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, B. L., E. Y. Wang, Z. H. Li, X. Cao, X. F. Liu, and M. Zhang. 2023. Automatic recognition of effective and interference signals based on machine learning: A case study of acoustic emission and electromagnetic radiation. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 170:105505. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2023.105505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., Y. Xiao, K. Zhong, C. Shu, H. Lü, J. Deng, and S. Wu. 2020. Overview of commonly used materials for coal spontaneous combustion prevention. Fuel 275:117981. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117981.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, X., J. Deng, Y. Xiao, X. Zhai, C. Wang, and X. Yi. 2022. Recent progress and perspective on thermal-kinetic, heat and mass transportation of coal spontaneous combustion hazard. Fuel 308:121234. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Z. J., Q. Y. Di, D. Lei, Y. Gao, J. Zhu, and G. Q. Xue. 2020. The optimal survey area of the semi-airborne TEM method. J. Appl. Geophys. 172:103884. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeda, N., and H. Tonooka. 2023. Early stage forest fire detection from Himawari-8 AHI images using a modified MOD14 algorithm combined with machine learning. Sensors 23 (1):210. doi:10.3390/s23010210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansor, S. B., A. P. Cracknell, B. V. Shilin, and V. I. Gornyi. 1994. Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15 (8):1675–85. doi:10.1080/01431169408954199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, L., and S. Q. Yang. 2023. Study on the difference in oxidation characteristics of coal and Gangue from the same coal seam. Combust. Sci. Technol. 1–17. doi:10.1080/00102202.2023.2282604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melody, S. M., and F. H. Johnston. 2015. Coal mine fires and human health: What do we know? Int. J. Coal Geol. 152:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2015.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao, G. D., Z. H. Li, L. T. Sun, and Y. L. Yang. 2021. Experimental study on pore-fracture evolution law in the thermal damage process of coal. Combust. Sci. Technol. 193 (4):677–701. doi:10.1080/00102202.2019.1669574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, R. K., P. N. S. Roy, V. K. Singh, and J. K. Pandey. 2018. Detection and delineation of coal mine fire in Jharia coal field, India using geophysical approach: A case study. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 127 (8):107. doi:10.1007/s12040-018-1010-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muduli, L., P. K. Jana, and D. P. Mishra. 2018. Wireless sensor network based fire monitoring in underground coal mines: A fuzzy logic approach. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 113:435–47. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2017.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muduli, L., D. P. Mishra, and P. K. Jana. 2018. Application of wireless sensor network for environmental monitoring in underground coal mines: A systematic review. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 106:48–67. doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.12.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muduli, L., D. P. Mishra, and P. K. Jana. 2020. Optimized fuzzy logic-based fire monitoring in underground coal mines: Binary particle swarm optimization approach. IEEE Syst. J. 14 (2):3039–46. doi:10.1109/JSYST.2019.2939235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neyamadpour, A., W. A. T. Wan Abdullah, and S. Taib. 2010. Use of four-electrode arrays in three-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging survey. Stud. Geophys. Geod. 54 (2):299–311. doi:10.1007/s11200-010-0016-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onifade, M., and B. Genc. 2020. A review of research on spontaneous combustion of coal. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 30 (3):303–11. doi:10.1016/j.ijmst.2020.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, R. K., C. Li, J. K. Chao, D. M. Hu, and H. L. Jia. 2023a. Thermal properties and microstructural evolution of coal spontaneous combustion. Energy 262:125400. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.125400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, R. K., T. Zhang, J. K. Chao, D. M. Hu, W. Liu, and L. Wang. 2023b. Study on thermal effects and gases derivation of spontaneous combustion of gas-containing coal. Fuel 354:129336. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, A., and R. P. 1999. Surface fires in Jharia coalfield, India-their distribution and estimation of area and temperature from TM data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20 (10):1935–46. doi:10.1080/014311699212281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, A., A. K. Saraf, R. P. Gupta, and R. M. Sundaram. 1995. Surface thermal anomalies associated with underground fires in Jharia coal mines, India. Int. J. Remote Sens. 16 (12):2105–09. doi:10.1080/01431169508954544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, T. Y., X. Y. Wei, G. R. Feng, F. Zhang, D. K. Zhao, and J. Guo. 2022. A method for reducing transient electromagnetic Noise: Combination of variational mode decomposition and wavelet denoising algorithm. Measurement 198:111420. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Querol, X., X. Zhuang, O. Font, M. Izquierdo, A. Alastuey, I. Castro, B. L. van Drooge, T. Moreno, J. O. Grimalt, J. Elvira, et al. 2011. Influence of soil cover on reducing the environmental impact of spontaneous coal combustion in coal waste gobs: A review and new experimental data. Int. J. Coal Geol. 85 (1):2–22. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2010.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju, A., and K. Mehdi. 2023. SBAS-InSAR analysis of regional ground deformation accompanying coal fires in Jharia coalfield, India. Geocarto. Int. 38 (1):2167004. doi:10.1080/10106049.2023.2167004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawat, P., K. D. Singh, H. Chaouchi, and J. M. Bonnin. 2014. Wireless sensor networks: A survey on recent developments and potential synergies. J. Supercomput. 68 (1):1–48. doi:10.1007/s11227-013-1021-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, S. J., Y. N. Zhang, Z. Y. Song, Y. Xiao, J. Deng, and C. M. Shu. 2023. Initial exploration on potential fire hazards detection from coal spontaneous combustion applied by acoustic wave. Sci. Total Environ. 897:165475. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riyas, M. J., T. H. Syed, H. Kumar, and C. Kuenzer. 2021. Detecting and analyzing the evolution of subsidence due to coal fires in Jharia coalfield, India using sentinel-1 sar data. Remote Sens. 13 (8):1521. doi:10.3390/rs13081521.
   Google Scholar
• Rochman, M. I., V. Sathya, D. Fernandez, N. Nunez, A. S. Ibrahim, W. Payne, and M. Ghosh. 2023. A comprehensive analysis of the coverage and performance of 4G and 5G deployments. Comput. Netw. 237:110060. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2023.110060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, S., N. Soltanmohammadlou, and F. Nasirzadeh. 2022. Applications of wireless sensor networks to improve occupational safety and health in underground mines. J. Saf. Res. 83:8–25. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2022.07.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saini, V., R. P. Gupta, and M. K. Arora. 2016. Environmental impact studies in coalfields in India: A case study from Jharia coal-field. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 53:1222–39. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim, L. A., and D. M. Bonotto. 2019. Radon exhalation rate and indoor exposure in a Brazilian coal mine. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 320 (3):587–95. doi:10.1007/s10967-019-06531-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shan, B., G. Wang, F. Cao, D. Wu, W. X. Liang, and R. Y. Sun. 2019. Mercury emission from underground coal fires in the mining goaf of the Wuda Coalfield, China. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 182:109409. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Z. L., R. Deng, T. Zhou, F. Cao, H. H. Sun, L. Chen, Y. Yuan, and X. Zhong. 2021. 3D localization of coal fires based on self-potential data: Sandbox experiments. Pure. Appl. Geophys. 178 (11):4583–603. doi:10.1007/s00024-021-02883-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, P., H. J. Hou, W. L. Wang, and W. F. Wang. 2023. Geochemistry and mineralogy of fly ash from the high-alumina coal, Datong Coalfield, Shanxi, China. Ore Geol. Rev. 158:105476. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105476.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Z. L., X. Y. Jia, X. X. Zhong, D. M. Wang, J. Wei, Y. M. Wang, and L. Chen. 2018. Detection, extinguishing, and monitoring of a coal fire in Xinjiang, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25 (26):26603–16. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2715-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, S., H. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Yan, and J. Wei. 2022. Model-Data Co-Driven Integration of detection and imaging for geosynchronous targets with Wideband Radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens. 60:1–16. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2022.3208339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Z. L., D. M. Wang, Y. M. Wang, and X. X. Zhong. 2014. Theory and application of magnetic and self-potential methods in the detection of the Heshituoluogai coal fire, China. J. Appl. Geophys. 104:64–74. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.02.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Z. L., D. M. Wang, Y. M. Wang, X. X. Zhong, X. F. Tang, and D. D. Xi. 2016. Electrical resistivity of coal-bearing rocks under high temperature and the detection of coal fires using electrical resistance tomography. Geophys. J. Int. 204 (2):1316–31. doi:10.1093/gji/ggv525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, Z. L., G. F. Zhang, T. Zhou, J. Wei, F. Cao, Y. Zhang, H. Li, H. Sun, S. Qing, T. Chen, et al. 2023. Locating the scope and depth of coal fires based on magnetic and electrical data. Pure. Appl. Geophys. 180 (11):3883–900. doi:10.1007/s00024-023-03350-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., D. Gupta, Z. Polkowski, and S. L. Peng. 2021. Introduction to the special section on big data analytics and deep learning approaches for 5G and 6G communication networks (VSI-5g6g). Comput. Electr. Eng. 95:107507. doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharygin, V. V., E. V. Sokol, and D. I. Belakovskii. 2009. Fayalite-sekaninaite paralava from the Ravat coal fire (central Tajikistan). Rus. Geol. Geophys. 50 (8):703–21. doi:10.1016/j.rgg.2009.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, L., and P. Andrews-Speed. 2001. Economic analysis of reform policies for small coal mines in China. Resour. Policy 27 (4):247–54. doi:10.1016/S0301-4207(02)00009-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, J. H., Z. C. Feng, D. Zhou, X. C. Li, and Q. R. Meng. 2023. Analysis of the permeability evolution law of in situ steam pyrolysis of bituminous coal combing with in situ CT technology. Energy 263:126009. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.126009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, Q. L., B. T. Qin, Y. H. Hao, and H. B. Li. 2022. Experimental investigation of the flow and extinguishment characteristics of gel-stabilized foam used to control coal fire. Energy 247:123484. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.123484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi, X. X., and K. Wu. 2011. Research and application of comprehensive electromagnetic detection technique in spontaneous combustion area of coalfields. Int. Conf. Remote. Sens. Environ. Tran. Eng. 50:65–69. doi:10.1109/RSETE.2011.5965033.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, X., C. Zhang, P. Jin, Y. Zhang, F. Jiao, S. Xu, and W. Cao. 2024. Eliminating scale effect: Development and attenuation of coal spontaneous combustion. Fuel 357:130073. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, N., R. S. Chatterjee, D. Kumar, D. C. Panigrahi, and R. Mujawdiya. 2022. Retrieval of precise land surface temperature from ASTER night-time thermal infrared data by split window algorithm for improved coal fire detection in Jharia coalfield, India. Geocarto. Int. 37 (3):926–43. doi:10.1080/10106049.2020.1753820.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A. K., R. V. K. Singh, M. P. Singh, H. Chandra, and N. K. Shukla. 2007. Mine fire gas indices and their application to Indian underground coal mine fires. Int. J. Coal Geol. 69 (3):192–204. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2006.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, P. R. 1986. Mine fires in Indian coalfields. Energy 11 (11–12):1147–54. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(86)90051-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Z. Y., X. Y. Huang, C. Kuenzer, H. Q. Zhu, J. C. Jiang, X. H. Pan, and X. Zhong. 2020. Chimney effect induced by smoldering fire in a U-shaped porous channel: A governing mechanism of the persistent underground coal fires. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 136:136–47. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2020.01.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Z. Y., and C. Kuenzer. 2014. Coal fires in China over the last decade: A comprehensive review. Int. J. Coal Geol. 133:72–99. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2014.09.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W. J., Y. M. Wang, and Z. L. Shao. 2017. Categorical modeling on electrical anomaly of room-and-pillar coal mine fires and application for field electrical resistivity tomography. J. Appl. Geophys. 136:474–83. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2016.11.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivardhan, V., S. K. Pal, J. Vaish, S. Kumar, A. K. Bharti, and P. Priyam. 2016. Particle swarm optimization inversion of self-potential data for depth estimation of coal fires over East Basuria colliery, Jharia coalfield, India. Environ. Earth Sci. 75 (8):688. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-5222-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stracher, G. B., and T. P. Taylor. 2004. Coal fires burning out of control around the world: Thermodynamic recipe for environmental catastrophe. Int. J. Coal Geol. 59 (1–2):7–17. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2003.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, H. F., N. Y. Zhang, D. R. Li, S. B. Liu, and Q. Y. Ye. 2023. The first semi-airborne transient electromagnetic survey for tunnel investigation in very complex terrain areas. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 132:104893. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2022.104893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Y., F. Hou, X. X. Zhong, A. C. Huang, X. Y. Jia, and B. Peng. 2023. Combination of heat energy extraction and fire control in underground high-temperature zones of coal fire areas. Energy 278:127801. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.127801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Y. B., and H. Wang. 2019. Experimental investigation on microstructure evolution and spontaneous combustion properties of secondary oxidation of lignite. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 124:143–50. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2019.01.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, C., J. C. Wang, and Z. L. Li. 2019. A frequency measurement method based on optimal multi-average for increasing proton magnetometer measurement precision. Measurement 135:418–23. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.10.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taraba, B., and Z. Michalec. 2011. Effect of longwall face advance rate on spontaneous heating process in the gob area – CFD modelling. Fuel 90 (8):2790–97. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.03.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatiana, S., G. Igor, and B. Alexey. 2012. Control of combustion area using electrical resistivity method for underground coal gasification. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 22 (3):351–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijmst.2012.04.012.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, Z. M., H. D. Fan, F. Cao, and L. He. 2023. Monitoring surface subsidence using distributed scatterer insar with an improved statistically homogeneous pixel selection method in coalfield fire zones. Remote Sens. 15 (14):3574. doi:10.3390/rs15143574.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, Y., X. Yang, J. Yang, K. K. Mao, Y. J. Yao, and H. S. Liang. 2022. Evolution dynamic of intelligent construction strategy of coal mine enterprises in China. Heliyon 8 (10):e10933. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10933.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vaish, J., and S. K. Pal. 2015. Subsurface coal fire mapping using magnetic survey at East Basuria Colliery, Jharkhand. J. Geol. Soc. India 86 (4):438–44. doi:10.1007/s12594-015-0331-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt, S., A. Tetzlaff, J. Z. Zhang, C. Künzer, B. Zhukov, G. Strunz, D. Oertel, A. Roth, P. van Dijk, and H. Mehl. 2004. Integrating satellite remote sensing techniques for detection and analysis of uncontrolled coal seam fires in North China. Int. J. Coal Geol. 59 (1–2):121–36. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2003.12.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu, D. T., and N. Tien-Thanh. 2021. Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures and its relation to underground coal fires in the Khanh Hoa Coal Field, North-East of Vietnam. Arab. J. Geosci. 14 (3):145. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-06433-0.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C. P., L. J. Chen, Z. J. Bai, J. Deng, L. Liu, and Y. Xiao. 2022. Study on the dynamic evolution law of spontaneous coal combustion in high-temperature regions. Fuel 314:123036. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.123036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. Y., X. Y. Fang, Y. C. Li, Z. Y. Zheng, and J. T. Shen. 2021. Research and application of the underground fire detection technology based on multi-dimensional data fusion. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 109:103753. doi:10.1016/j.tust.2020.103753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H. Y., C. Fan, J. L. Li, Y. W. Zhang, X. D. Sun, and S. Y. Xing. 2023. Dynamic characteristics of near-surface spontaneous combustion gas flux and its response to meteorological and soil factors in coal fire area. Environ. Res. 217:114817. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, E. Y., X. Q. He, J. P. Wei, B. S. Nie, and D. Z. Song. 2011. Electromagnetic emission graded warning model and its applications against coal rock dynamic collapses. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 48 (4):556–64. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2011.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watts, R. J., and A. L. Teel. 2019. Hydroxyl radical and non-hydroxyl radical pathways for trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene degradation in catalyzed H2O2 propagation systems. Water Res. 159:46–54. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, X., G. Q. Xue, G. Y. Fang, X. Li, and Y. J. Ji. 2019. The development and applications of the semi-airborne electromagnetic system in China. IEEE. Access 7:104956–66. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2930961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia, T., M. Ma, J. A. Huisman, C. P. Zheng, C. L. Gao, and D. Q. Mao. 2023. Monitoring of in-situ chemical oxidation for remediation of diesel-contaminated soil with electrical resistivity tomography. J. Contam. Hydrol. 256:104170. doi:10.1016/j.jconhyd.2023.104170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, F. 2015. Gravity correlation imaging with a moving data window. J. Appl. Geophys. 112:29–32. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, Y., L. Yin, Y. Tian, S. Li, X. Zhai, C. Shu, and S.-J. Ren. 2023. Sustainable utilisation and transformation of the thermal energy from coalfield fires: A comprehensive review. Appl. Therm. Eng. 233:121164. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, J., S. Xue, W. M. Cheng, and G. Wang. 2011. Early detection of spontaneous combustion of coal in underground coal mines with development of an ethylene enriching system. Int. J. Coal Geol. 85 (1):123–27. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2010.10.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, S. Q., and C. C. Yu. 2013. Characteristics and mechanisms of rock magnetic enhancement in underground coal spontaneous combustion areas—Examples of the wuda coal mine of inner Mongolia and Rujigou Coal Mine in Ningxia. Chin. J. Geophys. 56 (6):2827–36. doi:10.1002/cjg2.20070.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., H. D. Fan, and L. B. Dang. 2021. Monitoring coal seam fires in Xinjiang using comprehensive thermal infrared and time series InSAR detection. Int. J. Remote Sens. 42 (6):2220–45. doi:10.1080/01431161.2020.1823045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., and J. Li. 2022. Investigation of macro-kinetics of coal-oxygen reactions under varying oxygen concentrations: Towards the understanding of combustion characteristics in underground coal fires. Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 160:232–41. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., T. R. Sun, S. Kleindienst, D. Straub, R. Kretzschmar, L. T. Angenent, and A. Kappler. 2021. A coupled function of biochar as geobattery and geoconductor leads to stimulation of microbial Fe(III) reduction and methanogenesis in a paddy soil enrichment culture. Soil Biol. Biochem. 163:108446. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, S. Y., K. Shi, Y. Li, J. L. Liu, and H. F. Zhao. 2020. Integration of satellite remote sensing data in underground coal fire detection: A case study of the Fukang region, Xinjiang, China. Front. Earth Sci. 14 (1):1–12. doi:10.1007/s11707-019-0757-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, G., Y. J. Wang, F. Zhao, T. Wang, L. X. Zhang, M. Hao, S. Yan, L. Dang, and B. Peng. 2021. Accuracy assessment and scale effect investigation of UAV thermography for underground coal fire surface temperature monitoring. Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs. 102:102426. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2021.102426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. L., J. M. Wu, C. S. Zhou, T. Ren, J. F. Wang, and L. P. Chang. 2021. Study on the Intrinsic exothermic reaction of coal with oxygen at low temperature by DSC profile subtraction method. Combust. Sci. Technol. 193 (14):2464–81. doi:10.1080/00102202.2020.1746288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B. F., F. Xiao, and W. B. Jin. 2023. Burnt coal field detection via magnetic exploration. Environ. Earth Sci. 82 (7):160. doi:10.1007/s12665-023-10843-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J. Y., H. Q. Ming, J. J. Song, S. P. Lu, Y. Y. Xiao, Y. L. Zhang, and C.-M. Shu. 2023. Preoptimal analysis of phase characteristic indicators in the entire process of coal spontaneous combustion. J. Loss. Prevent. Proc. Ind. 84:105131. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C. W., Y. Z. Pan, S. J. Ren, Y. Gao, H. Y. Wu, and G. Ma. 2024. Accurate vegetation destruction detection using remote sensing imagery based on the three-band difference vegetation index (TBDVI) and dual-temporal detection method. Int. J. Appl. Earth. Obs. 127:103669. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2024.103669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., J. Wu, P. Zhang, and P. Xiao. 2012. Approximate relationship of coal bed methane and magnetic characteristics of rock via magnetic susceptibility logging. J. Geophys. Eng. 9 (1):98–104. doi:10.1088/1742-2132/9/1/012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, Z. M., Z. G. Shan, Y. H. Pang, W. Wang, M. Chen, G. C. Li, H. Sun, and A. Revil. 2024. The Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) Method reveals the role of tectonic faults in seawater intrusion at Zhoushan islands (Hangzhou Bay, China). Eng. Geol. 330:107425. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2024.107425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H. Q., Z. Y. Song, B. Tan, and Y. Z. Hao. 2013. Numerical investigation and theoretical prediction of self-ignition characteristics of coarse coal stockpiles. J. Loss. Prevent. Proc. Ind. 26 (1):236–44. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2012.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar