A Perspective on Compartment Fire Growth

References

• Alpert , R. L. ( 1971 ) . Fire induced turbulent ceiling-jet . FMRC Serial No. 19722-2 , Factory Mutual Research Corp ., Norwood , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Anon . ( 1982 ). Investigation report on the Las Vegas Hilton hotel fire . Fire Jour . 76 , 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagnaro , M. , Laouisset , M. , and Lockwood , F. C. ( 1983 ). Field model prediction of some room fires: steady and transient . In Quintiere , J. , et al. (Eds.), Fire Dynamics and Heat Tronsfer HTD-Vol. 25 , Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs ., New York , NY , pp. 107 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Baines , W. D. , and Turner , J. J. ( 1969 ). Turbulent buoyant convection from a source in a confined region . J. Fluid Mech . 37 , 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , H. , Rehm , R. C. , Barnett . P. D. , and Corley , D. M. ( 1981 ). Finite difference calculations of buoyant convection in an enclosure . Pt. I: The basic algorithm . NBSlR 81-2385. Nat . Bur.Stand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Block. J. A. ( 1971 ). A theoretical and experimental study of non-propagating free-burning fires . Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , p. 971 .
   Google Scholar
• Bromberg , J. and Quintiere , J. G. ( 1974 ). Radiative heat transfer from products of combustion in building corridor fires . NBSIR 74-596, Nat . Bur.Stand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Burgess , D. S. , Grumer , J. , and Wolfhard , H. G. ( 1961 ). Burning rates of liquid fuels . In Berl . W. G . (Ed.), The Use of Models in Fire Research , National Academy of Sciences , Washington , DC , p. 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Cetegcn . B. M. Zukoski . E. E. , and Kubota . T. ( 1982 ). Entrainment and flame geometry of fire plumes . Cal. Inst. Tcchnol ., DOC/NBS Grant No. G8-9014 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. Y. (1982a). A mathematical model for estimating available safe egress time in fires . Fire and Materials 6 , 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. Y. ( 1982b ). Convective heat transfer to ceilings above enclosure fires . Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , 933 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , L. Y. ( 1983 ). On the significance of a wall effect in enclosures with growing fires . NBSIR 83-2730,Nat , .Bur.Stand ., Washington . DC .
   Google Scholar
• Curtat . M. Hoenon . B. , Rilling , J. , and Tourrette . J. C. ( 1981 ). Feux a léchelle dune pièce d'habiiation ouverte sur l'entèrieur—simulation experimentale et numèrique II incendie développe dans une pièce meublee . First Specialists Mtg . (Intl.) Comb. Inst ., Univ . Bordeaux , France , pp. 671 – 676 .
   Google Scholar
• Dobbernack , R. and Schneider , U. ( 1982 ). Modeling of fires in industrial buildings with particular respect of radiation problems . C1BW14/82/1012, CIBW14 Workshop on "Mathematical Modeling of Fire Growth" , Paris .
   Google Scholar
• Dayan , A ,, and Tien , C. L. ( 1974 ). Radiant heating from a cylindrical fire column . Combustion Science arid Technology 9 , 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. , Mitler , H. E. , and Trefethen , L. N. ( 1978 ). Computer fire code 111 . Home Fire Project Tech. Rept. No. 25 , Harvard Univ ., Cambridge , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. ( 1981 ). The calculation of a fire in a large building . ASME Paper No. 81-HT-2 , Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs ., New York , NY .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. ( 1980 ). Heat conduction calculations for zone fire modeling. Home Fire Proj. Tech . Rep. No. 44 , Harvard Univ ., Cambridge , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. and Ying , S. J. ( 1967 ). The fire whirl . Eleventh Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , p. 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowkes , N. D. ( 1975 ). A mechanistic model of the 1973 and 1974 bedroom test fires . In Croce . P. A. (Ed.), A Study of Room Fire Development: The Second Full-Scale Bedroom Fire Test of the Home Fire Project (July 24, 1974) . Vol. 11 , Factory Mutual Research Tech. Rept. No. 2101 1.4 , pp. 8 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Grella , J. J. , and Faeth , G. M. ( 1975 ). Measurements in a two-dimensional thermal plume along a vertical adiabatic wall . J. Fluid Mech . 71 , 701 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagglund , B. ( 1980 ). Simulating the early fire growth in residential rooms . FOA Rept. C 20352-A3 , National Defence Res. Inst ., Stockholm .
   Google Scholar
• Harkleroad , M. , Quintiere , J. , and Walton , W. ( 1983 ). Radiative ignition and opposed flow flame spread measurements on materials . DOT/FAA/CT-83/28 , Federal Aviation Admin. Tech. Center , Atlantic City , NJ .
   Google Scholar
• Hasemi , Y. ( 1976 ). Numerical simulation of fire phenomena and its application , BRI Res. Paper No. 66 , Building Res. Inst ., Japan .
   Google Scholar
• Hasemi , Y. ( 1982 ). Thermal instability in transient compartment fire . Fire Science and Technology 2 , 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Hasemi , Y. , and Tokunaga , T. ( 1983 ). Modeling of turbulent diffusion flames and fire plumes for the analysis of fire growth . In Quintiere , J. , et al. (Eds.), Fire Dynamics and Heat Transfer , HTD 25 Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs ., New York , NY , pp. 37 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Jaluria , Y. ( 1984 ). Buoyancy-induced wall flow due to fire in a room . NBSIR 84-2841, Nat . BurStand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , W. W. ( 1983 ). A review of compartment fire models . NBSIR 83-2684, Nat. Bur. Stand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Kawagoe , K. ( 1958 ). Fire behavior in rooms . Rep. 27, Building Research Institute , Japan .
   Google Scholar
• Ku , A. C. , Doria , M. L. , and Lloyd , J. R. ( 1976 ). Numerical modeling of unsteady buoyant flows generated by fire in a corridor . Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , pp. 1372 – 1384 .
   Google Scholar
• MacArthur , C. D. , and Meyers , J. F. ( 1978 ). Dayton aircraft cabin fire model validation , phase 1. Rept. No. FAA-RD-78-57 , Univ. Dayton Res. Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Markatos . N. C. , and Pericleous , K. A. ( 1983 ). An investigation of three-dimensional fires in enclosures . In Quintiere , J. , et al. (Eds.), Fire Dynamics and Heat Transfer , HTD-Vol. 25 , Amer. Soc. Mech. Engrs ., New York , NY , pp. 115 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey , B. J. ( 1979 ). Purely buoyant diffusion flames: some experimental results . NBSIR 79-1910, Nat. Bur. Stand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• McCaRrey , B. J. , and Quintiere , J. G. ( 1977 ). Buoyancy driven countercurrent flows generated by a fire source . In Spalding , D. B. and Afgan , N. (Eds.), Heat Transfer Turbulent Buoyant Convection , Vol. 11 , Hemisphere Pub. Co ., pp. 457 – 472 .
   Google Scholar
• McCaffrey , B. J. , and Quintiere , J. G. ( 1975 ). Fire-induced corridor flow in a scale model study. Symp. on the Control of Smoke Movement in Building Fires , Proceedings Conseil Inter . du B(rtirnerrt held at BRE , Garston , U.K ., p. 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitler , H. E. ( 1978 ). The physical basis for the Harvard computer fire code, Home Fire Proj. Tech . Rept. No. 34 , Harvard Univ ., Cambridge , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Mitler . H. E. , and Emmons , H. W. ( 1981 ). Documentation for CFC V, the fifth Harvard computer fire code, Home Fire Proj. Tech . Rep. 45 . Harvard Univ ., Cambridge , MA.
   Google Scholar
• Modak , A. T. ( 1977 ). Thermal radiation from pool fires . Combrrsfion and Flame 29 , 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modak . A. T. ( 1978 ). Radiation from products of combustion . FMRC No. OAOE6.BU-I , Factory Mutual Research Corp ., Norwood , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Modak , A. T. , and Matthews . M. K. ( 1977 ). Radiation augmented fires within enclosures . FMRC No. 22361-8 . Factory Mutual Research Corp ., Norwood , MA .
   Google Scholar
• Orloff , L. , Modak , A. T. , and Alpert , R. L. ( 1977 ). Burning of large scale vertical surfaces . Six- teenth Syurposirrm (International) on Combrrsfion , The Combustion Institute , p. 1345 .
   Google Scholar
• Orloff , L. , Modak , A. T. , and Markstein , G. H. ( 1979 ). Sevenfeenfh Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Pape . R. , and Waterman , T. ( 1977 ). Modifications to the RFIRES pre-flashover room fire com- puter model . IITRI Project J6400 , IIT Research Institute , Chicago , IL .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , W. J. ( 1983 ). An analysis of correlations between laboratory and full-scale experiments for the FAA aircraft fire safety program , Pt. 6: Reduced-scale modeling of compartments at at atmospheric pressure. NBSlR 82-2598, Nat. Bur. Stand. , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Prahl , J. , and Emmons , H. W. ( 1975 ). Fire induced flow through an opening . Comb. and Flame 25 , 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintiere , J. ( 1977 ). Growth of fire in building compartments . In Robertson , A. F. (Ed.), Fire Stondords orrrlSafety , ASTM STP 614 , American Soc. for Testing and Materials , pp. 131 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Quintiere . J. G. ( 1983 ). A simple correlation for predicting temperature in a room fire . NBSlR 83-2712, Nat. Bur. Stand. , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Quinticrc , J. G. ( 1975a ). The application and interpretation of a test method to determine the hazard of floor covering fire spread in building corridors . International Symposium Fire Safety of Combustible Materials , Edinburgh , p. 355 .
   Google Scholar
• Quintiere . J. G. ( 1975b ). Some observations on building corridor fires . Fifteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , p. 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Quintiere , J. G. , and McCaffrey , B. J. ( 1980 ). The Burning of WoodandPIasfic Cribsinan Enclosure : vol. I . NBSlR 80-2054, Nat. Bur. Stand. , Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Quintiere , J. G. , Rinkinen , W. J. , and Jones , W. W. ( 1981 ). The effect of room openings on fire plume entrainment . Combuston Science and Technology 26 , 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintiere , J. G. , McCaffrey , O. J. , and Kashiwagi , T. ( 1978 ). A scaling study of a corridor subject to a room fire . Combustion Science and Technology 18 , 1 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quintiere , J. G. , McCaRrey , B. J. , and Rinkinen , W. ( 1978 ). Visualization of room fire induced smoke movement and flow in a corridor . Fire and Marerials 2 , 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm . R. G. , Baum , H. R. , Barnett , P. D. , Sweet , R. A. , O'Leary , D. P. ,and Corley , D. M. ( 1982 ). Three-dimensional computations of fire induced flow—a preliminary report. 1982 Tech. Mtg ., The Eastern Sec. of the Comb. Inst ., Atlantic City , NJ .
   Google Scholar
• Rockett , J. A. ( 1976 ). Fire induced flow in an enclosure . Combustion Science and Technology 12 , 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockett , J. A. ( 1982 ). Modeling of NBS mattress tests with the Harvard mark IV fire simulation . Fire and Materials 6 , 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Sargent , W. S. ( 1983 ). Natural convection flows and associated heat transfer processes in room fires . Ph.D. Thesis , California Inst. of Technol .
   Google Scholar
• Satoh . K. , Yang , K. T. , and Lloyd , J. R. ( 1980 ). Turbulent buoyant flow and smoke layers in a 2-D rectangular compartment with vertical vents . 1980 Technical Meeting of the Eastern Sec. of the Combustion Inst ., Princeton .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , U. , and Haksever , A. ( 1980 ). Warmebil-anzberechnungen fir Brandräume mit unter-schiedlichen Randbedingungen . Institut fir Baustoffkunde und Stahlbetoubau der Technischen Universität Braunschweig .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , E. E. , and Clark , M. J. ( 1975 ). Modeling of the developing fire in a compartment . ASHRAE Trans . 81 Part 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , E. E. , and Heibel , J. T. ( 1977 ). Evaluating performance of cellular plastics in fire systems , PRC Proj. No. RP-75-1-36 , Ohio State Univ ., Columbus , OH .
   Google Scholar
• Steckler , K. D. ( 1983 ). Calculations of wall fire spread in an enclosure . NBSIR 83-2765, Nat. Bur. Stand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Steckler , K. D. , Quintiere , J. G. , and Rinkinen , W. J. ( 1982 ). Flow induced by fire in a compart- ment . Nineteenth Symposirrm (International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute , p. 913 .
   Google Scholar
• Steckler , K. D. , Baum , H. R. , and Quintiere , J. G. ( 1984? ). Fire induced flows through room openings-flow coefficients . Nat. Bur. Stand ., Washington , DC , in review .
   Google Scholar
• Takeda , H. , and Akita , K. ( 1982 ). New modeling of liquid or thermoplastic pool fires in compartment . Nineteenth Sympsoium (International) on Combustion . The Combustion Institute . p. 897 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T. ( 1977 ). A mathematical model of a compartment fire . B.R.I. Res. Paper No. 70 , Building Res. Inst. , Japan .
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T. ( 1978 ). A model on fire spread in small scale buildings . B.R.I. Res. Paper No. 79 , Building Res. Inst ., Japan .
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , T. ( 1983 ). A model of multiroom fire spread . NBSIR 83-2718, Nat. Bur. Stand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Tangren , E. N. , Sargent , W. S. , and Zukoski , E. E. ( 1978 ). Hydraulic and numerical modeling of room fires . Cal. Inst. Technol ., NSF Grant No. ENV 76-06660, DOCINBS Grant No. 5-9004 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. , Heselden , A. J. M. , and Law , M. ( 1967 ). Fully-developed compartment fires-two kinds of behavior . Fire Research Tech. Paper No. 18, Fire Research Station , Borehamwood , U.K.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. , Bullen , M. L. , Quintiere , J. G. , and McCaffrey , B. J. ( 1980 ). Flashover and instabilities in fire behavior . Combustion and Flame 38 , 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Tien , C. L. , and Lee , S. C. ( 1982 ). Flame radiation . Prof. Energy Combust. Sci . 8 , 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , J. S. ( 1973 ). Buoyancy Effects in Fluids . Cambridge Univ. Press , pp. 171 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• You , H. Z. , and Faeth , G. M. ( 1979 ). Ceiling heat transfer during fire plume and fire impingement . Fire and Materials 3 , 140 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zukoski , E. E. , and Kubota , T. ( 1975 ). An experimental investigation of the heat transfer from a buoyant gas plume to a horizontal ceiling , Part 2: Effects of a ceiling layer. NBS-GCR-77-98, Nat. Bur. sand ., Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Zukoski , E. E. , and Kubota , T. ( 1978 ). A computer model for fluid dynamic aspects of a transient fire in a two room structure . DOC NBS Grant No. 5-9004 , Cal. Inst. Technol ., Pasadena . CA .
   Google Scholar
• Zukoski , E. E. , Kubota , T. , and Cetegen , B. ( 1981 ). Entrainment in fire plumes . Fire Safety J . 3 , 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar