Wind-Aided Firespread across Arrays of Discrete Fuel Elements. I. Theory

References

• Anderson , H. E. , and Rothermel , R. C. ( 1965 ) . Influence of moisture and wind upon the characteristics of free-burning fires . Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , 1009 – 1019 . Pittsburgh, PA: Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Byram , G. M. , Clements , H. B. , Bishop , M. E. , and Nelson , R. M. Jr. , ( 1966 ). An experimental study of model fires . Macon. Georgia: Southern Forest Fire Laboratory, Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Caidin , M. ( 1960 ) . A Torch to the enemy—The Fire Raid an Tokya . New York, NY : Ballantine .
   Google Scholar
• Carslaw , H. S. , and Jaeger , J. C. ( 1959 ) . Conduction of Heat in Solids , 2nd edition . Oxford, England : Clarendon .
   Google Scholar
• Cheney , N. P. ( 1981 ) . Fire behavior . Fire in the Australian Biota , 151 – 175 . Canberra , Australia: Australian Academy of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Davison , C. ( 1931 ) . The Japanese Earthquake of 1923 . London, England : Thomas Muirby .
   Google Scholar
• de. Ris. J. ( 1979 ) . Fire radiation-a review . Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion . 1003 – 1016 . Pittsburgh, PA: Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. ( 1965 ) . Fundamental problems of the free burning fire . Tenth Symposium (International) on Combustion . 951 – 964 . Pittsburgh, PA: Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. , and Shen , T. ( 1971 ) . Fire spread in paper arrays . Thirteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , 917 – 926 . Pittsburgh, PA: Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Fang , J. B. ( 1969 ) . An investigation of the effect of controlled wind on the rate of fire spread . Ph.D. thesis , Department of Chemical Engineering. Fredericton , Canada : University of New Brunswick .
   Google Scholar
• Fendell , F. E. ( 1965 ). Ignition and extinction in combustion of initially unmixed reactants . Journal ofFluid Mechanics 21 , 281 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleeter , R. D. , Fendell , F. E. , Cohen , L. M. , Gat , N. , and Witte , A. B. ( 1984 ). Laboratory facility for wind-aided firespread along a fuel matrix . Combustion and Flame 57 , 289 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fons , W. L. , ( 1946 ). Analysis of fire spread in light forest fuels . Journal of Agricultural Research 72 , 93 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Hwang , C. C. , and Xie , Y. ( 1984 ). Flame propagation along matchstick arrays on inclined base boards . Combustion Science and Technology 42 , 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke , R. H. , and McArthur , A. G. ( 1977 ) . Bushfires ill Australia . Canberra , Australia: Australian Government Printing .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , R. A. ( 1970 ) . Flame propagation in two-dimensional matchstick arrays . Report, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences . Princeton. NJ: Princeton University .
   Google Scholar
• Mushan , H. A. ( 1941 ) . The great Chicago fire , October 8-10, 1971 . Papers ill Illinois History and Transactions for the Year 1940 , 69 – 189 . Springfield, IL: llIinois State Historical Society .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , W. S. ( 1977 ) . Ordeal by Fire-The Week a State Burned Up . Melbourne, Australia: Hawthorn .
   Google Scholar
• Prahl , J. M. , and Tien , J. S. ( 1973 ). Preliminary investigation of forced convection on flame propagation along paper and matchstick arrays . Combustion Science and Technology 7 , 271 – 282 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyne , Stephen J. ( 1982 ) . Fire in America-A History of Wildland and Rural Fire . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University .
   Google Scholar
• Rothermel , R. C. and Anderson , H. E. ( 1966 ) . Fire spread characteristics determined in the laboratory . Research Paper INT-30 . Ogden, UT: Intermountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , R. W. ( 1989 ) . The Fires of '88—Yellowstone Park and Montana in Flames . Helena, MT: American Geographic .
   Google Scholar
• Spalding , D. B. ( 1955 ) . Some Fundamentals of Combustion . New York , NY: Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Steward , F. R. ( 1974 ) . Fire spread through a fuel bed. Heat Transfer in Fires: Thermophysics , Social Aspects, Economic Impact , 315 – 378 . Washington, DC: Scripta .
   Google Scholar
• Steward , F. R. , and Tennankore , K. N. ( 1981 ) . The measurement of the burning rate of an individual dowel in a uniform fuel matrix . Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion , 641 – 646 . Pittsburgh, PA: Combustion Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Steward , F. R. , Wuest , L. J. , and Waibel , R. T. ( 1977 ) . Some characteristics of fires within uniform fuel matrices . Heat Transfer Division Paper 77-HT-71 . New York , NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , G. I. ( 1961 ) . Fire under influence of natural convection . International Symposium on the Use of Models in Fire Research , 10 – 28 . Washington , DC: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (Publication 786) .
   Google Scholar
• Telisin , H. P. ( 1974 ) . Flame radiation as a mechanism of fire spread in forests . Heat Transfer in Flames , 441 – 449 . Washington , DC: John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. ( 1971 ). Rates of spread of some wind-driven fires . Forestry 44 , 155 – 175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wagner , C. E. ( 1968 ) . Fire behaviour mechanisms in a red pine plantation: field and laboratory evidence . Publication 1229. Chalk River, Ontario , Canada : Petawawa Forest Experiment Station, Department of Forestry and Rural Development .
   Google Scholar
• Vogel , M. , and Williams , F. A. ( 1970 ). Flame propagation along matchstick arrays . Combustion Science and Technology 1 , 429 – 443 .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , R. W. ( 1968 ) . Fire at Peshtigo . Englewood Cliffs , NY: Prentice-Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Wolff , M. F. , Carrier , G. F. , and Fendell , F. E. ( 1990 ) . Wind-aided firespread across arrays of discrete fuel elements. II. Experiment . Combustion Science and Technology, in review .
   Google Scholar