Effect of paramagnetic cations on solid state ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of natural organic materials

References

• Alia , M. and Lippmaa , E. 1976 . High resolution broad line 13C NMR and relaxation in norbomadiene. . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 37 : 260 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad , M.A. , Ripmeester , J.A. and Schnitzer , M. 1988 . Attempts to improve solid state I3C NMR spectra of whole mineral soils. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 68 : 593 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , C.E. 1982 . Effects of chemical modification and CoCl2 addition on the I3C NMR spectra of carnosine as a solid powder. . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 104 : 5608 – 5610 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapathy , S. , Naito , A. and McDowell , C.A. 1981 . Paramagnetic doping as an aid in obtaining high‐resolution l3C NMR spectra of biomolecules in the solid state. . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 103 : 6011 – 6015 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerasimowicz , W.V. , Hicks , K.B. and Pfeffer , P.E. 1984 . Evidence for the existence of associated lignin‐carbohydrate polymers as revealed by carbon‐13 CPMAS solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. . Macromolecules , 17 : 2597 – 2603 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson , E.J. and Haw , J.F. 1990 . Effects of paramagnetic lanthanides on the study of carbonaceous deposits on zeolite catalysts by carbon‐13 solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. . Anal. Chem. , 62 : 2532 – 2536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oades , J.M. , Vassallo , A.M. , Waters , A.G. and Wilson , M.A. 1987 . Characterisation of organic matter in particle size and density fractions from a red‐brown earth by solid‐state I3C NMR. . Aust. J. Soil Res. , 25 : 71 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer , P.E. , Gerasimowicz , W.V. and Piotrowski , E.G. 1984 . Effect of paramagnetic iron on quantitation in carbon‐13 cross polarization magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of heterogeneous environmental matrices. . Anal. Chem. , 56 : 734 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , C.M. and Newman , R.H. 1992 . Demonstration of spatial heterogeneity in the organic matter of de‐ashed humin samples by solid‐state 13C CPMAS NMR. . Can. J. Soil Sci. , 72 : 13 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , C.M. , Schnitzer , M. and Ripmeester , J.A. 1989 . A spectroscopic and chemical investigation on the de‐ashing of a humin. . Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 53 : 1442 – 1447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston , C.M. , Dudley , R.L. , Fyfe , C.A. and Mathur , S.P. 1984 . Effects of variations in contact times and copper concentrations in a 13C CP/MAS NMR study of samples of four organic soils. . Geoderma , 33 : 245 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randall , E.W. , Mahieu , N. , Powlson , D.S. and Christensen , B.T. 1995 . Fertilization effects on organic matter in physically fractionated soils as studied by 13C NMR: Results from two long‐term field experiments. . Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 46 : 557 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , M.W.I. , Knicker , H. , Hatcher , P.G. and Kogel‐Knabner , I. 1997 . Improvement of 13C and 15N CPMAS NMR spectra of bulk soils, particle size fractions and organic material by treatment with 10% hydrofluoric acid. . Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 48 : 319 – 328 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjemstad , J.O. and Taylor , J.A. 1999 . Does the Walkley‐Black method determine soil charcoal? Commun. . Soil Sci. Plant Anal. , 30 : 2299 – 2310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjemstad , J.O. , Clarke , P. , Taylor , J.A. , Oades , J.M. and Newman , R.H. 1994 . The removal of magnetic materials from surface soils. A solid state 13C CP/MAS n.m.r. study. . Aust. J. Soil Res. , 32 : 1215 – 1229 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smernik , R.J. and Oades , J.M. 1999 . Effects of added paramagnetic ions on the 13C NMR CP/MAS NMR spectrum of a de‐ashed soil. . Geoderma , 89 : 219 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smernik , R.J. and Oades , J.M. 2000a . “ The use of spin counting for determining quantitation in solid state NMR spectra. 1 ” . In Model compound studies Geoderma (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Smemik , R.J. and Oades , J.M. 2000b . “ The use of spin counting for determining quantitation in solid state NMR spectra. 2 ” . In HF treated soil fractions Geoderma (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Snape , C.E. , Axelson , D.E. , Botto , R.E. , Delpuech , J.J. , Tekely , P. , Gerstein , B.C. , Pruski , M. , Maciel , G.E. and Wilson , M.A. 1989 . Quantitative reliability of aromaticity and related measurements on coals by 13C n.m.r. A debate . Fuel , 68 : 547 – 560 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , M.J. and Maciel , G.E. 1982 . Spin dynamics in the carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric analysis of coal by cross polarization and magic‐angle spinning. . Anal. Chem. , 54 : 1615 – 1623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassallo , A.M. , Wilson , M.A. , Collin , P.J. , Oades , J.M. , Waters , A.G. and Malcolm , R.L. 1987 . Structural analysis of geochemical samples by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Role of paramagnetic material . Anal. Chem. , 59 : 558 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M. A. 1987 . NMR techniques and applications in geochemistry and soil chemistry , Oxford , UK : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Corresponding author.
   Google Scholar