Fine-Root Production and Aboveground Development for Loblolly Pine, Silver Maple, and Cottonwood

References

• Aber , J. D. , Melillo , J. M. , Nadelhoffer , K. J. , McClaugherty , C. A. and Pastor , J. 1985 . Fine root turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to quantity and form of nitrogen availability: A comparision of two methods . Oecologia , 66 : 317 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassiri Rad , H. 2000 . Kinetics of nutrient uptake by roots: response to global change . New Phytologist , 147 : 155 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , M. K. and Raynal , D. J. 1994 . Fine root growth phenology, production, and turnover in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem . Plant and Soil , 162 : 135 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , X. and Bledsoe , C. S. 2002 . Contrasting seasonal patterns of fine root production for blue oaks (Quercus douglasii) and annual grasses in California oak woodland . Plant and Soil , 240 : 263 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian , D. P. , Hoffman , W. , Hanowski , J. M. , Niemi , G. J. and Beyea , J. 1998 . Bird and mammal diversity on woody biomass plantations in North America . Biomass and Bioenergy , 14 : 395 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , D. A. , Brown , S. , Kicklighter , D. W. , Chamber , J. Q. , Thomlinsion , J. R. and Jian , N. 2001 . Measuring net primary production in forests: Concepts and field methods . Ecological Applications , 11 : 356 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté , B. , Hendershot , W. H. , Fyles , J. W. , Roy , A. G. , Bradley , R. , Biron , P. M. and Courchesne , F. 1998 . The phenology of fine root growth in a maple-dominated ecosystem: Relationships with some soil properties . Plant and Soil , 201 : 59 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickmann , D. I. 2006 . Silviculture and biology of short-rotation woody crops in temperate regions: Then and now . Biomass and Bioenergy , 30 : 696 – 705 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew , A. P. , Zsuffa , L. and Mitchell , C. P. 1987 . Terminology relating to woody plant biomass and its production . Biomass , 12 : 79 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eissenstat , D. M. , Wells , C. E. , Yanai , R. D. and Whitebeck , J. L. 2000 . Building roots in a changing environment:implications for root longevity . New Phytologist , 147 : 33 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. F. and Binkley , D. 2000 . “ Soils and roots ” . In Ecology and management of forest soils , 3rd , 161 – 183 . New York : John Wiley and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Fogel , R. 1985 . “ Roots as primary producers in belowground ecosystems ” . In Ecological interactions in soil , Edited by: Fitter , A. H. , Atkinson , D. , Read , D. J. and Usher , M. Oxford , UK : Blackwell Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Gaudinski , J. B. , Trumbore , S. E. , Davidson , E. A. , Cook , A. C. , Markewitz , D. and Richter , D. D. 2001 . The age of fine-root carbon in three forests of the eastern United States measured by radiocarbon . Oecologia , 129 : 420 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , R. and Jackson , R. B. 2000 . Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems . New Phystologist , 147 : 13 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grier , C. C. , Vogt , K. A. , Keyes , M. R. and Edmonds , R. L. 1981 . Biomass distribution and above- and belowground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the western cascades . Canadian Journal of Forest Research , 11 : 155 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmisaari , H.-S. , Makkonen , K. , Kellomäki , S. , Valtonen , E. and Mälkönen , E. 2002 . Below- and aboveground biomass, production, and nitrogen use in Scots pine stands in eastern Finland . Forest Ecology and Management , 165 : 317 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendrick , R. L. and Pregitzer , K. S. 1996 . Applications of minirhizotrons to understand root function in forests and other natural ecosystems . Plant and Soil , 185 : 293 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , D. and Weih , M. 2005 . Limitations and improvement of the potential utilization of woody biomass for energy derived from short rotation woody crops in Sweden and Germany . Biomass and Bioenergy , 28 : 267 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , R. B. , Mooney , H. A. and Schulze , E.-D. 1997 . A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , 94:7362– 7366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. M. F. , Coleman , M. D. , Gesch , R. , Jaradat , A. , Mitchell , R. , Reicosky , D. and Wilhelm , W. W. 2007 . Biomass–bioenergy crops in the United States: A changing paradigm . Americas Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology , 1 : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Joslin , J. D. and Henderson , G. S. 1987 . Organic matter and nutrients associated with fine root turnover in a white oak stand . Forest Science , 33 : 330 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joslin , J. D. , Wolfe , M. H. and Hanson , P. J. 2001 . Factors controlling the timing of root elongation intensity in a mature upland oak stand . Plant and Soil , 228 : 201 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern , C , Friend , C., A. L. , Johnson , J. M. F. and Coleman , M. D. 2004 . Fine-root dynamics in a developing Populus deltoides plantation . Tree Physiology , 24 : 651 – 660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , J. S. , Pregitzer , K. S. and Zak , D. R. 1999 . Clonal variation in above- and belowground growth responses of Populus tremuloides Michaux: Influence of soil warming and nutrient availability . Plant and Soil , 217 : 119 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski , T. T. , Kramer , P. J. and Pallardy , S. G. 1991 . The physiological ecology of woody plants , San Diego , , Calif : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhns , M. R. , Garrett , H. E. , Teskey , R. O. and Hinckley , T. M. 1985 . Root growth of black walnut trees related to soil temperature, soil water potential, and leaf water potential . Forest Science (USA) , 31 : 617 – 629 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukac , M. and Godbold , D. L. 2001 . A modification of the ingrowth-core method to determine root production in fast growing tree species . Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science , 164 : 613 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyr , H. and Hoffmann , G. 1967 . Growth rates and growth periodicity of tree roots . International Review of Forestry Research , 2 : 181 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Makkonen , K. and Helmisaari , H. S. 1998 . Seasonal and yearly variations of fine-root biomass and necromass in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand . Forest Ecology and Management , 102 : 283 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkonen , K. and Helmisaari , H. S. 1999 . Assessing fine-root biomass and production in Scots pine stand-comparision of soil core and root ingrowth core methods . Plant and Soil , 210 : 43 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkonen , K. and Helmisaari , H. S. 2001 . Fine root biomass and production in Scots pine stands in relation to stand age . Tree Physiology , 21 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael , B. L. and Burke , J. J. 1998 . Soil temperature and root growth . HortScience , 33 : 947 – 951 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messier , C. and Puttonen , P. 1993 . Coniferous and nonconiferous fine-root and rhizome production in Scots pine stands using the ingrowth bag method . Silva Fennica , 27 : 209 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Millikin , C. S. , Bledsoe , C. S. and Tecklin , J. 1997 . “ Woody root biomass of 40- to 90-year-old blue oaks (Quercus douglasii) in Western Sierra Nevada Foothills ” . In Proceedings of a Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology, management, and urban interface issues (USDA Gen Tech Rep PSW-GTR-160) , Edited by: Pillsbury , N. H. , Verner , J. and Tietje , W. D. 83 – 89 . Albany , , Calif : USDA .
   Google Scholar
• Nadelhoffer , K. J. and Raich , J. W. 1992 . Fine root production estimates and belowground carbon allocation in forest ecosystems . Ecology , 73 : 1139 – 1147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadelhoffer , K. J. , Aber , J. D. and Melillo , J. M. 1985 . Fine roots, net primary productivity, and soil nitrogen availability: A new hypothesis . Ecology , 66 : 1377 – 1390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norby , R. J. and Jackson , R. B. 2000 . Root dynamics and global change: Seeking an ecosystem perspective . New Phytologist , 147 : 3 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson , H. A. 1979 . Fine-root production, mortality and decomposition in forest ecosystems . Vegetation , 41 : 101 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Persson , H. A. 1983 . The distribution and productivity of fine-roots in boreal forests . Plant and Soil , 17 : 87 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Ranney , J. W. , Wright , L. L. and Layton , P. A. 1987 . Hardwood energy crops: The technology of intensive culture . Journal of Forestry , 85 : 17 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , S. and Singh , J. S. 1995 . Seasonal and spatial dynamics of plant-available N and P pools and N-mineralization in relation to fine roots in a dry tropical forest habitat . Soil Biology and Biochemistry , 27 : 33 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruess , R. W. , Hendrick , R. H. , Burton , A. J. , Pregitzer , K. S. , Sveinbjörnsson , B. , Allen , M. F. and Maurer , G. E. 2003 . Coupling fine root dynamics with ecosystem carbon cycling in black spruce forests of interior Alaska . Ecological Monographs , 73 : 643 – 662 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , B. , Eaton , J. , Johnson , J. , Rice , D. , Schuette , B. and Moser , B. 2002 . Hybrid poplar in the Pacific Northwest: The effects of market-driven management . Journal of Forestry , 100 : 28 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steingrobe , B. , Schmid , H. and Claassen , N. 2001 . The use of the ingrowth core method for measuring root production of arable crops: Influence of soil and root disturbance during installation of the bags on root ingrowth into the cores . European Journal of Ecology , 15 : 143 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Stolarski , M. , Szczukowski , S. , Tworkowski , J. and Klasa , A. 2008 . Productivity of seven clones of willow coppice in annual and quadrennial cutting cycles . Biomass and Bioenergy , 32 : 1227 – 1234 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szczukowski , S. , Stolarski , M. , Tworkowski , J. , Przyborowski , J. and Klasa , A. 2005 . Productivity of willow coppice plants grown in short rotations . Plant, Soil and Environment , 51 : 423 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tingey , D. T. , Phillips , D. L. , Johnson , M. G. , Rygiewicz , P. T. , Peter , A. , Beedlow , P. A. and Hogsett , W. E. 2005 . Estimates of Douglas-fir fine root production and mortality from minirhizotrons . Forest Ecology and Management , 204 : 359 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuskan , G. A. 1998 . Short-rotation woody crop supply systems in the United States: What do we know and what so we need to know? . Biomass and Bioenergy , 14 : 307 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USDA . 1976 . Soil survey of Drew County, Arkansas , Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Vogt , K. A. , Vogt , D. J. and Bloomfield , J. 1998 . Analysis of some direct and indirect methods for estimating root biomass and production of forests at an ecosystem level . Plant and Soil , 200 : 71 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt , K. A. , Vogt , D. J. , Palmiotto , P. A. , Boon , P. , ’Hara , J. O and Asbjornsen , H. 1996 . Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type, and species . Plant and Soil , 187 : 159 – 219 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volk , T. A. , Verwijst , T. , Tharakan , P. J. , Abrahamson , P. and White , E. H. 2004 . Growing fuel: A sustainability assessment of willow biomass crops . Frontiers in Ecology and Environment , 2 : 411 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar