Growth Behavior, Nutrient Harvest Index, and Soil Fertility in Okra-Pea Cropping System as Influenced by AM Fungi, Applied Phosphorus, and Irrigation Regimes in Himalayan Acidic Alfisol

References

• Anonymous. 2012. Complete package and practices for cultivation of vegetable crops in Himachal Pradesh (Directorate of Extension Education Publication). Palampur, India: CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University.
   Google Scholar
• Arumugam, R., S. Rajasekaran, and S. M. Nagarajan. 2010. Response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium inoculation on growth and chlorophyll content of Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp var. Pusa 151. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 14:113–15.
   Google Scholar
• Auge, R. M. 2006. Water relations, drought and VA mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza 11:3–42.
   Google Scholar
• Bahadur, A., and R. K. Manohar. 2001. Response of okra to biofertilizers. Vegetable Science 28 (2):197–98.
   Google Scholar
• Bethlenfalvay, G. J., M. S. Brown, R. N. Ames, and R. S. Thomas. 1988. Effects of drought on host and endophyte development in mycorrhizal soybeans in relation to water use and phosphate uptake. Physiologia Plantarum 72:565–71. doi:10.1111/ppl.1988.72.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, C. A. 1965. Methods of soil analysis, part 2. Madison, WI: American Society of Agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, N. C. 2002. The nature and properties of soils. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. R., L. M. Condron, and Z. H. Xu. 2008. Impacts of grassland afforestation with coniferous trees on soil phosphorus dynamics and associated microbial processes: A review. Forest Ecology and Management 255:396–409. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.10.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., V. Pooniya, R. S. Bana, A. Kumar, and U. Singh. 2014. Mitigating pulse productivity constraints through phosphorus fertilization: A review. Agricultural Reviews 35 (4):314–19. doi:10.5958/0976-0741.2014.00920.9.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., and V. K. Suri. 2013. On-farm participatory technology development effects on resource conservation technologies in rainfed upland paddy in Himachal Pradesh, India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44 (17):2605–17. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.811521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., and V. K. Suri. 2014a. Integrated nutrient management technology for direct-seeded upland rice (Oryza sativa) in northwestern Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45 (6):777–84. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.861914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., and V. K. Suri. 2014b. On farm participatory technology development on forage cutting and nitrogen management in dual-purpose wheat (Triticum aestivum) in northwestern Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45 (6):741–50. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.858727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., and V. K. Suri. 2014c. Scaling up of pulse production under frontline demonstration technology transfer program in Himachal Himalayas, India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45 (14):1934–48. doi:10.1080/00103624.2014.909836.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., R. C. Thakur, and N. Kumar. 2008. Effect of integrated nutrient management on soil physical and hydraulic properties in rice–wheat crop sequence in NW Himalayas. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation 36:97–104.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhary, A. K., S. K. Thakur, and V. K. Suri. 2013. Technology transfer model on integrated nutrient management technology for sustainable crop production in high value cash crops and vegetables in northwestern Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44:1684–99. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.783058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, D. K. 2011. Introductory soil science. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dass, A., E. P. Baiswar, D. P. Patel, G. C. Munda, P. K. Ghosh, and S. Chandra. 2010. Productivity, nutrient harvest index, nutrient balance sheet, and economics of low land rice (Oryza sativa) as influenced by compost made from locally available plant biomass. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80:686–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dass, A., U. S. Patnaik, and S. Sudhishri. 2005. Response of vegetable pea to sowing dates and phosphorus under on-farm conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy 50:64–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, F. T., and R. G. Linderman. 1991. Short-term effects of phosphorus and VA-mycorrhizal fungi on nutrition, growth, and development of Capsicum annuum L. Scientia Horticulturae 45:333–38. doi:10.1016/0304-4238(91)90079-E.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edathil, T. T., S. Manian, and K. Udaiyan. 1996. Interaction of multiple VAM fungal species on root colonization, plant growth, and nutrient status of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 59:63–68. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(96)01040-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, E., K.-U. Häussler, D. Vetterlein, E. Gorgus, and H. Marschner. 1992. Water and nutrient translocation by hyphae of Glomus mosseae. Canadian Journal of Botany 70:2130–37. doi:10.1139/b92-265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez, K. A., and A. A. Gomez. 1984. Statistical procedures for agricultural research. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• Grigg, J. L. 1953. Determination of available molybdenum in soils. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 34:405–14.
   Google Scholar
• Harrier, L. A., and C. A. Watson. 2003. The role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in sustainable cropping systems. Advances in Agronomy 42:185–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher, J. A., and L. V. Wilcox. 1950. Boron determination in soils and plants: Simplified curcumin procedure. Analytical Chemistry 22:467–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlin, J. L., J. D. Beaton, S. L. Tisdale, and W. L. Nelson. 2007. Soil fertility and fertilizers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hillel, D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. Amherst, Massachusetts: Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. L. 1967. Soil chemical analysis. New Delhi, India: Prentice Hall of India.
   Google Scholar
• Kongpun, A., D. Bernard, and R. Benjavan. 2011. Alleviating acid soil stress in cowpea with a local population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. African Journal of Biotechnology 10 (65):14410–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, A., V. K. Suri, and A. K. Choudhary. 2014. Influence of inorganic phosphorus, VAM fungi, and irrigation regimes on crop productivity and phosphorus transformations in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)–pea (Pisum sativum L.) cropping system in an acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45:953–67. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.874025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S. 2010. Studies on vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in meeting P needs of okra–wheat sequence in Typic Hapludalf. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Soil Science, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, India.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X., W. Zhou, and Y. Cao. 1994. Acquisition of phosphorus by VA-mycorrhizal hyhpae from the dense soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 1:55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsay, W. L., and W. A. Norvell. 1978. Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42:421–28. doi:10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschner, H., and B. Dell. 1994. Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant and Soil 159:89–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merwin, H. D., and M. Peech. 1951. Exchangeability of soil potassium in the sand, silt, and clay fractions as influenced by the nature of the complementary exchangeable cations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 15:125–28. doi:10.2136/sssaj1951.036159950015000C0026x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahas, E. 1996. Factors determining rock phosphate solubilization by microorganism isolated from soil world. Journal Microbiology Biotechnology 12:18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, S. R., C. V. Cole, F. S. Watanabe, and L. A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (USDA Circular No. 939). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Osonubi, O. 1994. Comparative effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus fertilization on growth and phosphorus uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) plants under drought-stressed conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils 18:55–59. doi:10.1007/BF00336445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, J., V. K. Suri, S. K. Sandal, and A. K. Choudhary. 2011. Evaluation of targeted yield precision model for soybean and toria crops on farmers’ fields under subhumid subtropical northwestern Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42:2452–60. doi:10.1080/00103624.2011.609254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, C. S. 1950. Soil and plant analysis. New York: Scientific Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Premsekhar, M., and V. Rajashree. 2009. Influence of organic manure on growth, yield, and quality of okra. American and Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 3:6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Redford, P. J. 1967. Growth analysis formulae: Their use and abuse. Crop Science 25:444–56.
   Google Scholar
• Rovira, A. D. 1969. Plant root exudates. Botanical Review 35:35–57. doi:10.1007/BF02859887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, P. K., S. P. Verma, and D. R. Bhumbla. 1980. Transformation of added P into inorganic fractions in some acid soils of Himachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science 28:450.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. E., and D. Read. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Subbiah, B. V., and G. L. Asija. 1956. A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science 25:259–60.
   Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., and A. K. Choudhary. 2012. Fertilizer economy through vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi under soil-test crop response targeted yield model in maize-wheat-maize crop sequence in Himalayan acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 43:2735–43. doi:10.1080/00103624.2012.719979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., and A. K. Choudhary. 2013. Effects of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae and applied phosphorus through targeted yield precision model on root morphology, productivity, and nutrient dynamics in soybean in an acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44:2587–604. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.803569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., and A. K. Choudhary. 2014. Comparative performance of geographical isolates of Glomus mosseae in field crops under low-input intensive P-deficient acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 45:101–10. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.849726.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., A. K. Choudhary, G. Chander, and T. S. Verma. 2006. Studies on VAM fungi as a potential biofertilizer in an acid Alfisol of northwestern Himalayas. In Eighteenth WCSS Congress Abstracts, 515, International Union of Soil Science, Philadelphia, PA.
   Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., A. K. Choudhary, G. Chander, and T. S. Verma. 2011a. Influence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and applied phosphorus on root colonization in wheat and plant nutrient dynamics in a phosphorus-deficient acid Alfisol of western Himalayas. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42:1177–86. doi:10.1080/00103624.2011.566962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., A. K. Choudhary, G. Chander, T. S. Verma, M. K. Gupta, and N. Dutt. 2011b. Improving phosphorus use through co-inoculation of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in maize in an acidic Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 42:2265–73. doi:10.1080/00103624.2011.602451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suri, V. K., A. K. Choudhary, and A. Kumar. 2013. VAM fungi spore populations in different farming situations and their effect on productivity and nutrient dynamics in maize and soybean in Himalayan acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44:3327–39. doi:10.1080/00103624.2013.848283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voisin, A. 1962. Fertilizer application: Soil, plant and animal. London: Crosby Lockwood.
   Google Scholar
• Walkley, A., and I. A. Black. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37:29–38. doi:10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav, A., V. K. Suri, A. Kumar, A. K. Choudhary, and A. L. Meena. 2015. Enhancing plant water relations, quality, and productivity of pea (Pisum sativum L.) through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, inorganic phosphorus, and irrigation regimes in an Himalayan acid Alfisol. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 46 (1):80–93. doi:10.1080/00103624.2014.956888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, X., D. Binkley, and B. A. Caldwell. 1995. Effects of dinitrogen-fixing trees on phosphorus biogeochemical cycling in contrasting forests. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59:1452–58. doi:10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900050035x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar